研发,通常称为研发;D、 是一个短语,在不同的应用中有不同的含义。在商业世界中,产品生命周期中的阶段可能被视为产品的“概念”也就是说,基础科学必须存在以支持产品的可行性,如果缺乏科学,就必须发现它;这被认为是研究阶段。如果科学存在,那么将其转化为有用的产品就是开发阶段。进一步的术语改进可能会称之为改进生产的工程,以便以吸引消费者的成本制造产品。
研发是对公司未来的投资。在这一阶段支出不足的公司通常被称为“吃玉米种子”——也就是说,当它们目前的产品线过时并被竞争对手超越时,它们将没有可行的继任者。在研究和开发上花费多少是合理的,这在很大程度上取决于技术领域和市场的发展速度。在一个相当平静的市场上,花掉公司收入的2%,而不是利润,可能就足够了,但为了跟上快速变化的市场,公司应该期望花掉15%或更多,只是为了跟上其他部分。
关于研发中哪个是“R”,哪个是“D”,存在着相当大的争论。传统上,研究分为基础研究和应用研究,基础研究钻研基本科学原理,应用研究寻找利用基础科学改善人类生活的方法。最近,企业界真正的基础研究很少;它主要是学术界的领域,通常有企业或政府的资助。
旧的标准认为,研究至少需要五到十年的时间,开发至少需要一到五年的时间,但随着技术速度的提高,这些时间框架已经缩短。在资金紧张的时候,总是很难证明将大笔资金花在可能在未来10到15年内(如果有的话)不会产生回报的事情上是合理的。然而,无论是对一家公司还是对一个国家来说,研发支出对于持续增长和繁荣都至关重要。
...re EPMs are resp***ible for building and communicating project definition, development milestones, project schedules, validation/FA/CA, and project status in the development of new products. An EPM should be able to prioritize issues and track the details as well as be in touch with the big-picture ...
... A newsletter highlighting the COVID-19 research, developments, and stories that matter. Subscribe here! 研究人员多年来一直致力于研究mRNA疫苗的基础科学,但直到现在还没有真正的大突破。他们得到了资金,但仍然处于“...
... A newsletter highlighting the COVID-19 research, developments, and stories that matter. Subscribe here! 强生公司在美国、拉丁美洲和南非进行了试验。在美国,疫苗对中度和重度COVID-19的有效率为72%。但在南非,一种变异形...
... A newsletter highlighting the COVID-19 research, developments, and stories that matter. Subscribe here! 阿斯利康COVID-19候选疫苗的临床试验在美国也被搁置。在英国进行的疫苗试验中,一名患者因严重的神经症状住院。目前...
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...13; Since announcing the HTC Vive in March of this year we have focused on developing immersive content, refining both hardware design and user experience, and building relati***hips with new partners both inside and outside of the gaming industry. In collaboration with Valve, we have been distribut...
...n goal and objective. Goal and objective refer to outcomes of a project or research. However, the main difference between goal and objective is that the term goal refers to the broad purpose or the desired result of an endeavor whereas objectives are the specific tasks that help you to reach the fin...
...ow cancer cells keep on reproducing to form a tumor CRUK 127” By Cancer Research UK – Original email from CRUK (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Comm*** Wikimedia “Cá美国国家癌症研究所的珍妮·凯利(Jeanne Kelly)所著。这个文件是从NIH-2.svg(公共域)的正常癌细胞分裂通...
...s without scientists engineers would not create, and without engineers the research scientists do would be wasted. They go hand in hand." —Ashley "It's not vs., it's AND: There is hardly any difference between the two. In the end, it is all mathematics and physics." —Logical "Science is ...
...manufacturing, and industrying of products based on advanced biotechnology research." 美国在市场上占据主导地位,该行业48.2%的公司在美国以外运营。亚太地区的公司占据24%的市场份额,其次是欧洲(18.1%),然后是中东(1.8%)——世界其他地...