如果你是一个忙碌的人，那么你最不需要的就是被大量“无用”的通知所困扰，那么你如何让事情平静下来呢？今天的超级用户问答有一些很好的答案，可以帮助读者降低输出量。

今天的问答环节是由SuperUser提供的，SuperUser是Stack Exchange的一个分支，是一个由社区驱动的问答网站分组。

问题

超级用户读者Xster想知道如何在后台运行没有输出的命令，除非出现错误：

How do you suppress a command’s output, but show it if the command’s exit codes an error?

如何让命令在后台运行而不输出，除非有错误？

答案

超级用户贡献者Bob和Maximillian Laumeister为我们提供了答案。首先，鲍勃：

Unfortunately, the assumption that stderr is only used for error output is not always correct. Rather, stderr is often used for any and all interactive output and diagnostics (i.e. output intended for the user to read in an interactive prompt).(1) wget and dd are well-known examples.

Some commands will provide a flag (i.e. -quiet or -silent) to suppress non-error output. Read their man pages to see if one exists.

Another convention that holds more often is the exit code, a program returns an exit code when it exits. Typically(2), an exit code of 0 indicates success, and any other exit code indicates an error.

With bash, you can get the exit code of the last command from the $? variable. In fish, use the $status variable. You can pipe stderr to a temporary file and only print it if an error occurs. For example (fish):

You can also use some shortcuts if you are not chaining commands:

Or:

You can also pipe stdout to the same buffer by using 2>&1 >/tmp/outputbuffer.

(Note: I do not actually know fish, so I am adapting the concept to what I can find in its documentation. The syntax might be slightly wrong. Also, you can use mktemp to generate a unique temporary file. Run it and record the file name in a variable.)

If you need to run the whole thing in the background of a shell that you are also using interactively at the same time, then you are better off writing a script to handle the output-hiding and running that script in the background with the standard techniques (fish). Heck, you can put something like the following function in ~/.config/fish/config.fish:

Call with run-silent somecommand & (where the trailing & causes it to run in the background)

Note that this will swallow the original exit code, and will dump both stdout and stderr in the event of a failure. You can customise it as necessary.

(1) There is no guarantee that error output will not appear on stdout, some programs will dump all output there!

(2) Unfortunately, this is still not always the case. The exit code is completely controlled by the program and some will indicate some success conditi*** with non-zero exits. Again, check the manual.

接着是Maximillian Laumeister的回答：

Unix utilities send general messages to stdout, and error messages to stderr, so if we only want to see error messages, then it will be sufficient to suppress stdout so that only stderr gets output to the c***ole.

The way to do this (in both bash and fish) is to append >/dev/null to the command. This pipes stdout into nothingness, but stderr (with your error messages) still comes through to the c***ole.

So for instance:

The command echo 1 >/dev/null prints nothing, because the normal stdout output is suppressed, and nothing was written to stderr.

The command man doesnotexist >/dev/null prints an error message, because man writes its error message to stderr.

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