什么是证据收集的准则？(guidelines for evidence collection?)
证据收集的准则是指一个司法管辖区的法律规则，它规定了执法官员如何收集证据以证明犯罪或侵权行为的发生。证据可以构成用于证明被告人在犯罪活动或民事案件中有罪的任何东西。在美国以及许多其他国家，对刑事和民事审判中的证据收集适用不同的规则。
在刑事案件中，证据是能够证明犯罪要素之一的任何东西。刑事案件中的证据可能是杀人时使用的枪支、有血迹的车辆、DNA证据或从被指控的毒贩家中提取的一袋毒品。证据也可以是单独看起来无害的东西，如一张自动取款机收据，但它可以证明意图、动机或检察官必须证明的犯罪的某些其他方面。
在美国，刑事案件中的证据收集规则载于第四修正案，该修正案保护人们免受不合理的搜查和扣押。第四修正案规定："人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产安全不受无理搜查和扣押的权利不应受到侵犯，除非有合理的理由，经宣誓或确认，并特别说明要搜查的地点和要扣押的人或物，否则不得签发逮捕证。"
这意味着，在收集证据时，执法部门必须在证明有正当理由后从法官那里获得授权。其他证据规则也可能适用于限制证据收集。例如，美国国内的规则规定，任何发现的东西，即使是间接的，作为非法搜查或供词的结果，都被排除在法庭审理之外，因为它是 "受污染的树的果实"。
在民事案件中，证据收集规则是由与发现有关的规则规定的。发现是原告和被告交换必要信息的过程，以证明案件或对指控进行辩护。取证规则一般规定，对文件的要求必须是合理的；例如，在试图证明错误解雇时，个人可以合理地要求被告交出她过去十年的业绩评估，但个人不能要求公司交出公司百年历史中为每一位员工写的每一份业绩评估，因为这样的要求是不合理的。
- 发表于 2022-02-18 01:16
- 阅读 ( 97 )
- 分类：法律
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