主要区别-谐波与泛音

声音可以解释为一种纵向的机械波。声音总是需要一种媒介来传播，媒介中的分子需要来回振动才能传播声音。当这些振动传递到我们的耳朵时，耳膜也会振动。大脑可以检测并解释这些振动意味着“声音”。对于任何物体，都有一组频率，如果物体以这些频率振动，就会使物体以最大振幅振动。这些频率称为共振频率。谐波和泛音是用来描述乐器共振频率的术语。发生共振的最低频率称为基频。谐波和泛音的主要区别在于泛音是指系统的任何谐振频率，其频率高于其基频，而术语谐波是指谐振频率是基频的整数倍。

Vibrating guitar strings form stationary waves that resonate at harmonic frequencies.

什么是谐波(harmonics)？

每个音符对应一个特定频率的声波。例如，音符“middle C”的频率为261.6hz。然而，当你听到一个音符在乐器上演奏时，你并没有听到纯粹这一频率的声音（如果你只听到一个频率，你只会听到哔哔声）。相反，你听到的是这个频率加上其他频率是这个频率的倍数。也就是说，除了“纯”261.6赫兹之外，你还可以听到523.2赫兹（=2）的频率×261.2赫兹），784.4赫兹（=3×261.2赫兹），以此类推。频率的倍数越高，噪音就越小。对于不同的乐器，频率的高倍数有不同的相对振幅。这就是为什么每个乐器的声音都不同。

Harmonics are frequencies which are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is , then harmonics have frequencies  and so on.

什么是泛音(overtones)？

Overtones refer to any of the resonant frequencies above the fundamental frequency. For many instruments, the overtones correspond to their harmonics. However, in some situati*** there are additional overtones that are not harmonics (that is, the instrument would show resonance at frequencies which are not integer multiples of the fundamental frequency). There are also situati*** where harmonic frequencies are not necessarily overtones (some integer multiples of the fundamental frequency fail to cause resonance). An example of the latter case is a pipe with one end open. The pipe would show resonance at  and so on.

For a guitar string, the overtones correspond to the harmonics. However, the fundamental frequency itself is not counted to be an overtone while it is counted to be a harmonic. So, for a guitar string, resonance occurs at  (the fundamental frequency=first harmonic), then at (second harmonic, first overtone), and then at   (third harmonic, second overtone),… etc.

谐波(harmonics)和泛音(overtones)的区别

定义

泛音是指系统中频率高于基频的任何谐振频率。

谐波是指谐振频率是基本频率的整数倍。

包含基频

泛音的频率总是高于基频的频率。它们不包括基频。例如，“第一泛音”的频率总是高于基频。

谐波包括基频。例如，“一次谐波”总是基频本身；“二次谐波”是基频的两倍，以此类推。

Image Courtesy

“Strum Line” by Jackson Romie (Own work) [CC BY-ND 2.0], via flickr