大约一颗珍珠大小的下丘脑指导着身体的许多重要功能。位于前脑间脑区的下丘脑是周围神经系统许多自主功能的控制中心。与内分泌和神经系统结构的联系使下丘脑在维持体内平衡中发挥重要作用。体内平衡是通过监测和调节生理过程来维持身体平衡的过程。

下丘脑和垂体之间的血管连接允许下丘脑激素控制垂体激素的分泌。下丘脑调节的一些生理过程包括血压、体温、心血管系统功能、体液平衡和电解质平衡。作为边缘系统结构，下丘脑也影响各种情绪反应。下丘脑通过影响垂体、骨骼肌系统和自主神经系统来调节情绪反应。

下丘脑：功能

下丘脑参与身体的多种功能，包括：

• 自主功能控制
• 内分泌功能控制
• 体内稳态
• 运动功能控制
• 食物及食水摄取管制
• 睡眠-觉醒周期调节

下丘脑：定位

从方向上看，下丘脑位于间脑。位于丘脑下方，视交叉后方，两侧以颞叶和视束为界。下丘脑的位置，特别是它与丘脑和垂体的紧密接触和相互作用，使它能够充当神经系统和内分泌系统之间的桥梁。

下丘脑：激素

下丘脑产生的激素包括：

• 抗利尿激素（加压素）-调节水位，影响血容量和血压。
• 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素-作用于脑下垂体，在压力下释放激素。
• 催产素-影响性和社会行为。
• 促性腺激素释放激素-刺激垂体释放影响生殖系统结构发育的激素。
• 生长抑素-抑制促甲状腺激素（TSH）和生长激素（GH）的释放。
• 生长激素释放激素-刺激垂体释放生长激素。
• 促甲状腺激素释放激素-刺激垂体释放促甲状腺激素（TSH）。TSH调节新陈代谢、生长、心率和体温。

下丘脑：结构

下丘脑由几个可分为三个区域的核团（神经元团）组成。这些区域包括前部、中部或结节以及后部。每个区域可以进一步划分为包含负责各种功能的细胞核的区域。

The hypothalamus has connections with various parts of the central nervous system. It connects with the brainstem, the part of the brain that relays information from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain. The brainstem includes the midbrain and portions of the hindbrain. The hypothalamus also connects to the peripheral nervous system. These connections enable the hypothalamus to influence many autonomic or involuntary functions (heart rate, pupil constriction and dilation, etc.). In addition, the hypothalamus has connections with other limbic system structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and olfactory cortex. These connections enable the hypothalamus to influence emotional responses to sensory input.

Key Takeaways

• The hypothalamus is located in the diencephalon region of the forebrain, directs a number of needed functions in the body and is the control center for several autonomic functions.
• These functional controls include: autonomic, endocrine, and motor function control. It is also involved in homeostasis and the regulation of both the sleep-wake cycle and in food and water intake.
• A number of important hormones are produced by the hypothalamus including: vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone), corticotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. These hormones act on other organs or glands in the body.

Divisions of the Brain

• Forebrain - encompasses the cerebral cortex and brain lobes.
• Midbrain - connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.
• Hindbrain - regulates autonomic functions and coordinates movement.

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Bailey, Regina. "Hypothalamus Activity and Hormone Production." ThoughtCo, Aug. 11, 2021, tl80.cn/hypothalamus-anatomy-373214. Bailey, Regina. (2021, August 11). Hypothalamus Activity and Hormone Production. Retrieved from https://www.tl80.cn/hypothalamus-anatomy-373214 Bailey, Regina. "Hypothalamus Activity and Hormone Production." ThoughtCo. https://www.tl80.cn/hypothalamus-anatomy-373214 (accessed September 2, 2021).

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