a-无水乙醇到方位角量子数

无水酒精 - common name for high purity ethanol or ethyl alcohol.

绝对误差 - expression of the uncertainty or inaccuracy of a measurement.

绝对温度 - temperature measured using the Kelvin scale.

绝对不确定性 - the uncertainty of a scientific measurement, given in the same units as the measurement.

绝对零度 - the lowest possible state at which matter can exist, 0 K or -273.15°C.

吸光度 - measure of the amount of light absorbed by a sample.

吸收 - process by which atoms, ions, or molecules enter a bulk phase.

吸收光谱 - technique used to determine concentration and structure of a sample based on which wavelengths of liquid are absorbed.

吸收光谱 - graph of amount of absorption as a function of wavelength.

吸收率 - absorption cross section of extinction coefficient, which is the absorbance of a solution per unit path length and concentration.

精确 - the closeness of a measurement to a true or accepted value.

酸的 - a chemical species that accepts electrons or donate protons or hydrogen ions.

酸酐 - a nonmetal oxide that reacts with water to form an acidic solution.

酸碱指示剂 - a weak acid or weak base that changes color when the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions changes in an aqueous solution.

酸碱滴定 - a procedure to find the concentration of an acid or base by reacting a known concentration with the unknown until the equivalence point is reached.

酸离解常数-ka - a quantitative measure of how strong an acid is.

酸性溶液 - an aqueous solution with a pH less than 7.0.

锕系元素 - Usually, the actinides are considered to be elements 90 (thorium) through 103 (lawrencium). Otherwise, the actinides are defined according to their common properties.

锕 - the name for the element with atomic number 89 and is represented by the symbol Ac. It is a member of the actinide group.

活化络合物 - an intermediate state at the maximum energy point on the reaction path that occurs as reactants are being converted into product in a chemical reaction.

活化能-ea - the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

主动运输 - the movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration; requires energy

活动系列 - list of metals ranked in order of decreasing activity, used to predict which metals displace others in aqueous solutions.

实际产量 - the quantity of product experimentally obtained from a chemical reaction.

急性健康影响 - the effect caused by initial exposure to a chemical.

酰基 - a functional group with the formula RCO- where R is bound to carbon via a single bond.

吸附作用 - the adhesion of a chemical species onto a surface

掺假者 - a chemical that acts as a contaminant in the context of another substance's purity.

以太 - a medium believed to carry light waves in the 18th and 19th century.

空气 - the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere, consisting mainly of nitrogen, with oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide.

炼金术 -Several definitions of alchemy exist. Originally, alchemy was an ancient tradition of sacred chemistry used to discern the spiritual and temporal nature of reality, its structure, laws, and functions.

酒精 - a substance that contains an -OH group attached to a hydrocarbon.

脂肪族氨基酸 - amino acid that has an aliphatic side chain.

脂肪族化合物 - an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined into straight chains, branches chains, or non-aromatic rings.

脂肪族烃 - a hydrocarbon containing carbon and hydrogen joined into straight chains, branches chains, or non-aromatic rings.

碱金属 - any element found in group IA (first column) of the periodic table.

碱性 - an aqueous solution with a pH greater than 7.

碱度 - a quantitative measure of a solution's ability to neutralize an acid.

烯烃 - a hydrocarbon containing a double carbon-carbon bond.

烯基 - the hydrocarbon group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkene group.

醇盐 - an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from the hydroxyl group of an alcohol when it is reacted with a metal.

烷氧基 - functional group containing an alkyl group bonded to oxygen.

同素异形体 - a form of an elemental substance.

合金 - substance made by melting together two or more elements, at least one of which must be a metal.

α衰变 - spontaneous radioactive decay which produces an alpha particle or helium nucleus.

阿尔法辐射 - the ionizing radiation released from radioactive decay emitting an alpha particle.

铝还是铝 - the name for the element with atomic number 13 and is represented by the symbol Al. It is a member of the metal group.

汞合金 - any alloy of mercury and one or more other metals.

镅 - radioactive metal with element symbol Am and atomic number 95.

酰胺 - functional group containing a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom.

胺 - compound in which one or more hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by an organic functional group.

氨基酸 - an organic acid containing a carboxyl (-COOH) and amine (-NH2.)带有侧链的功能组。

无定形 - term describing a solid that does not have crystalline structure.

两性的 - species that can both accept and donate a proton or hydrogen ion.

两性的 - substance capable of acting as either an acid or a base.

两性氧化物 - oxide that can act as either an acid or a base in a reaction to produce a salt and water.

阿穆 - atomic mass unit or 1/12th the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12.

分析化学 - chemistry discipline that studies the chemical composition of materials and tools used to examine them.

埃 - unit of length equal to 10-10米。

角动量量子数 - ℓ, the quantum number associated with the angular momentum of an electron.

无水的 - describes a substance that does not contain water or else is as concentrated as it can get.

负离子 - an ion with a negative electrical charge.

阳极 - electron where oxidation occurs; positive charged anode

反键轨道 - molecular orbital with an electron outside the region between the two nuclei.

反马尔可夫加成 - an addition reaction between an electrophilic compound HX and either an alkene or alkyne in which the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon with the least number of hydrogen atoms and X bonds to the other carbon.

锑-锑是原子序数为36的元素的名称，用符号kr表示。它是类金属族的一员。

反叠 - periplanar conformation where the dihedral atom between atoms is between 150° and 180°.

水的 - describes a system containing water.

水溶液 - a solution in which water is the solvent.

王水 - mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, capable of dissolving gold, platinum, and palladium.

氩-氩是原子序数为18的元素的名称，用符号ar表示。它是惰性气体组的成员。

芳香化合物 - an organic molecule that contains a benzene ring.

阿伦尼乌斯酸 - species that dissociates in water to form protons or hydrogen ions.

阿累尼乌斯碱 - species that increases the number of hydroxide ions when added to water.

砷 - metalloid with element symbol As and atomic number 33.

芳基 - a functional group derived from a simple aromatic ring when one hydrogen is removed from the ring.

虾青素-阿斯塔汀是原子序数为85的元素的名称，由符号at表示。它是卤素族的一员。

原子 - the defining unit of an element, which cannot be subdivided using chemical means.

原子质量 - average mass of atoms of an element.

原子质量单位（amu） - 1/12th the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12, used to represent atomic and molecular masses.

原子序数 - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

原子半径 - value used to describe the size of an atom, usually half the distance between two atoms just touching each other.

原子固体 - solid in which atoms are bonded to other atoms of the same type.

原子体积 - volume occupied by one mole of an element at room temperature.

原子量 - average mass of atoms of an element.

气氛 - surrounding gases, such as the gases surrounding a planet that are held in place by gravity.

三磷酸腺苷 - ATP is the acronym for the molecule adenosine triphosphate. 

奥夫堡原理 - idea that electrons are added to orbitals as protons are added to an atom.

奥氏体 - the face-centered cubic crystalline form of iron.

阿伏伽德罗定律 - relation that states equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules at the same pressure and temperature.

阿伏伽德罗数 - the number of particles in one mole of a substance; 6.0221 x 1023

共沸 - a solution that retains its chemical composition when distilled.

方位量子数 - the quantum number associated with the angular momentum of an electron, determining the shape of its orbital.

b定义-缓冲区的背景辐射

背景辐射 - radiation from external sources, typically from cosmic radiation and radioisotope decay.

反滴定 - titration in which the analyte concentration is determined by reacting it with a known quantity of excess reagent.

平衡方程 - chemical equation in which the number and type of atoms and the electric charge is the same on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.

巴尔默系列 - the part of the hydrogen emission spectrum for electron transitions n=2 and n>2, There are four lines in the visible spectrum.

钡剂 - alkaline earth metal with element symbol Ba and atomic number 56.

气压计 - instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

基础 - chemical species that either accepts protons or else donates electrons or hydroxide ions.

碱酸酐 (碱性酸酐)-水与碱性溶液反应形成的金属氧化物。

贱金属 - any metal besides a precious or noble metal used for jewelry or in industry.

基本的 - alkaline or having a pH > 7.

碱性溶液 - aqueous solution containing more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions; solution with pH > 7.

比尔定律（比尔·兰伯特定律） - law that states the concentration of a solution is directly proportional to its light absorbance.

柏克莱姆 - radioactive metal with element symbol Bk and atomic number 97.

铍 - alkaline earth metal with element symbol Be and atomic number 4.

β衰变 - type of radioactive decay that results in spontaneous emission of a beta particle.

β粒子 - an electron or positron emitted during beta decay.

β辐射 - ionizing radiation from beta decay in the form of an energetic electron or positron.

二元酸 - an acidic binary compound in which one element is hydrogen and the other element is another nonmetal.

二元化合物 - a compound made up of two elements (e.g., HF).

结合能 - energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or to separate a proton or neutron from the atomic nucleus.

生物化学 - Biochemistry is the chemistry of living things.

铋-铋是原子序数为83的元素的名称，由符号bi表示。它是金属集团的一员。

沥青 - natural mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

黑光 - a lamp that emits ultraviolet radiation or the invisible radiation emitted by it.

嵌段共聚物 - copolymer formed by repeating monomer subunits.

博里姆 - transition metal with element symbol Bh and atomic number 107.

沸腾 - phase transition from the liquid to gas state.

沸点 - temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure is equal to the external gas pressure.

沸点升高 - the increase in a liquid boiling point caused by adding another compound to it.

债券 - a chemical link formed between atoms in molecules and molecules and ions in crystals.

键角 - the angle formed between two adjacent chemical bonds within the same atom.

键裂解能 - energy required to homolytically break a chemical bond.

键能 - quantity of energy needed to break one mole of molecules into component atoms.

键焓 - enthalpy change resulting when one mole of bonds in a species are broken at 298 K.

键长 - the equilibrium distance between atomic nuclei or groups of nuclei that share a chemical bond.

债券顺序 - a measure of the number of electrons involved in chemical bonds between two atoms in a molecule; usually equal to the number of bonds between the atoms.

硼 - Boron is the name for the element with atomic number 5 and is represented by the symbol B. It is a member of the semimetal group.

波义耳定律 - ideal gas law that states the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its absolute pressure, assuming constant temperature.

支链烷烃 - an alkane with alkyl groups bonded to the central carbon chain. The molecules are branched, but all C-C bonds are single bonds.

黄铜 - Brass is defined as an 合金属于铜和锌.

溴-溴是原子序数为35的元素的名称，由符号br表示。它是卤素族的一员。

布朗斯特劳里酸 - species that yields hydrogen ions.

布朗斯特劳里基地 - species that accepts hydrogen ions in a reaction.

青铜 - Bronze is an alloy of copper, usually containing tin as its main addition.

缓冲器 - either a weak acid and its salt or else a weak base and its salt that form an aqueous solution that resists pH changes.

c-镉对电流的影响

镉-镉是原子序数为48的元素的名称，由符号cd表示。它是过渡金属集团的成员。

咖啡因-咖啡因是一种天然存在于茶和咖啡中并添加到可乐中的化学物质。

钙-钙是原子序数为20的元素的名称，由符号ca表示。它是碱土金属族的成员。

卡路里 - unit of thermal energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C or K at standard pressure.

热量计 - instrument designed to measure heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change.

毛细作用 - the spontaneous floe of liquid into a narrow tube or porous material.

碳-碳是原子序数为6的元素的名称，用符号c表示。它是非金属集团的成员。

碳酸盐 - an ion consisting of one carbon bonded to three oxygen atoms (CO3.2-)或含有这种离子的化合物。

羰基 - functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to oxygen, C=O.

羧基 - functional group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl (-COOH).

催化剂 - substance that increases the chemical reaction rate by decreasing its activation energy.

连锁 - binding of an element to itself via covalent bonds, forming a chain or ring

阴极 - electrode where reduction occurs; usually the negative electrode.

阴极射线管 - a vacuum tube with a source of electrons, a fluorescent screen, and means of accelerating and deflecting the electron beam.

阳离子 - ion with a positive electrical charge.

摄氏温标 - temperature scale where 0°C and 100°C are defined as the freezing and boiling points of water, respectively.

铈 - rare earth metal with element symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

铯-铯是原子序数为55的元素的名称，由符号cs表示。它是碱金属族的一员。

十六烷值（cn）-描述柴油燃烧质量的值，基于喷射和点火之间的延迟。

连锁反应 - set of chemical reactions in which products become reactants of another reaction.

指控 - an electrical charge, a conserved property of subatomic particles determining their electromagnetic interaction.

查尔斯定律 - ideal gas law that states the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature, assuming constant pressure.

螯合物 - organic compound formed by bonding a polydentate ligand to a central metal atom, or the act of forming such a compound.

化学的 - any matter or substance that has mass.

化学变化 - process by which one or more substances are altered to form new substances.

化学能 - energy contained in the internal structure of an atom or molecule.

化学方程式 - description of a chemical reaction, including the reactants, products, and direction of the reaction.

化学平衡 - state of a chemical reaction where the concentration of the reactants and products remains stable over time.

化学式 - expression which states the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

化学动力学 - the study of chemical processes and rates of reactions.

化学性质 - characteristic which may be observed when matter undergoes a chemical change.

化学反应 - a chemical change in which reactants form one or more new products.

化学符号 - one- or two-letter representation of a chemical element (e.g., H, Al).

化学发光 - light emitted as a result of a chemical reaction

化学 - study of matter and energy and the interactions between them

切伦科夫辐射 - Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle moves through a dielectric medium faster than the velocity of light in the medium.

手性中心 - the atom in a molecule bonded to four chemical species, allowing optical isomerism.

手性-手征性或手征性描述了一个不可超越的镜像，就像左手和右手一样。通常在化学中，这个术语用来描述一对分子，它们具有相同的公式，但形成一对结构。

氯 - halogen with atomic number 17 and element symbol Cl.

氟氯化碳-氟氯化碳或cfc是一种含有氯、氟和碳原子的化合物。

色谱法 - group of techniques used to separate mixture components by passing the mixture through a stationary phase.

铬-铬是原子序数为24的元素的名称，由符号cr表示。它是过渡金属组的成员。

封闭系统 - thermodynamic system in which mass is conserved within the system, but energy can freely enter or exit.

凝固 - the gelling or clumping of particles, usually in a colloid.

钴 - transition metal that is atomic number 27 with element symbol Co.

辅酶 - substance that works with an enzyme to aid its function or initiate its action.

凝聚性 - measure of how well molecules stick to each other or group together.

胶原蛋白 - an important family of proteins found in humans and other animals, found in skin, cartilage, blood vessels, and tendons.

依数性质 - properties of a solution that depend on the number of particles in a volume of solvent.

胶体 - a homogenous mixture in which dispersed particles do not settle out.

组合气体定律 - law which states the ratio of the product of pressure and volume, divided by the absolute temperature, is a constant value.

组合反应 - reaction in which two reactants combine to form a single product.

燃烧 - chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidizer that yields energy (usually heat and light).

共离子效应 - suppressing effect an electrolyte has on the ionization of another electrolyte that shares a common ion.

复合物 - chemical species formed when two or more atoms form a chemical bond.

络合离子 - ion in which a central metal ion is bonded to one or more ions or molecules.

集中 - having a large ratio of solute to solvent.

浓度 - an expression of the quantity of a substance in a defined volume.

冷凝 - state of matter change from vapor phase to liquid phase.

缩合反应 - chemical reaction in which one of the products is water or ammonia, also known as a dehydration reaction.

缩写式 - chemical formula in which atom 象征以它们在分子结构中出现的顺序列出，带有有限的键破折号。

导体 - material which permits the flow of energy (e.g., electrical conductor, thermal conductor).

合格者 - an isomer that differs from another isomer by rotation around a single bond.

同类 - member of the same group of elements of the periodic table (e.g., iodine and chlorine).

结合 - multiple chemistry definitions, referring to Bronsted acids and bases, a compound formed by combining other compounds, or the overlap of p-orbitals across a sigma bond.

共轭酸 - HX, a compound differing from a base X by a proton.

共轭基 - the species that gains a proton in an acid-base reaction.

能量守恒 - law which states energy can change forms but may not be created or destroyed.

质量守恒 - law that states, in a closed system, matter can change forms but not be created or destroyed.

受控变量 - variable that a scientist holds constant in an experiment; the control or constant variable

换算系数 - numerical ratio that converts a measurement from one unit into another.

配位键 - covalent bond between two atoms in which one atom supplies both electrons for the bond.

配合物 - compound containing one or more coordinate bonds.

配位数 - number of atoms bonded to a central atom.

哥白尼 - radioactive element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112.

铜-铜是原子序数为29的元素的名称，由符号cu表示。它是过渡金属集团的成员。

腐蚀 - irreversible damage to a material or tissue due to a chemical reaction.

腐蚀性的 - having the power to cause irreversible chemical damage upon contact.

库仑定律 - law which states the force between two charges is proportional to the quantity of both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

共价键 - chemical link between atoms or ions in which the electron pairs are more or less evenly shared between them.

共价化合物 - molecule that contains covalent chemical bonds.

共价半径 - half the diameter of the part of an atom that participates in a covalent bond.

皱纹 - forming a scalloped shape upon exposure to a hypertonic solution.

临界点 - critical state; point at which two phases of matter become indistinguishable from one another.

细胞遗传学 - study of matter at extremely low temperatures

晶体 - matter in which atoms, ions, or molecules are packed into an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern.

晶场分裂 - the difference in energy between the d orbitals of ligands.

结晶 - solidification of matter into the highly ordered form of a crystal.

库仑 - radioactive metal with element symbol Cm and atomic number 96.

现在的 - rate of flow of electricity.

镝的d-道尔顿定律

道尔顿定律 - relation stating the total pressure of a gaseous mixture equals the sum of the partial pressure of the component gases.

暗星-达姆斯塔迪乌姆原子序数为110的元素的名称，由符号ds表示。达姆斯塔迪乌姆（Darmstaditium）原名乌努尼利乌姆（ununnilium），符号为uun。它是过渡金属集团的成员。

与格键 - covalent bond between atoms in which one atom provides both electrons for the bond.

子同位素 - product formed after a radioisotope (the parent) undergoes radioactive decay.

德布罗意方程 - equation describing the wave properties of matter, stated as wavelength equals Planck's constant divided by the product of mass and velocity.

倾析 - method of separating mixtures by removing the liquid layer from a precipitate.

分解反应 - chemical reaction in which a single reactant yields two or more products.

爆燃 - type of combustion in which flame propagation is less than 100 m/s and overpressure is less than 0.5 bar.

脱水反应 - chemical reaction between two compounds in which one of the products is water.

潮解 - process by which a soluble substance picks up water vapor from the atmosphere to form a solution.

离域电子 - any electron in an ion, atom, or molecule that is no longer associated with a particular atom or single covalent bond.

密度 - mass per unit volume.

因变量 - variable being measured (tested) in response to changing the independent variable.

沉积 - settling of sediment or particles onto a surface or the phase change from the vapor to solid phase.

脱质子 - chemical reaction in which a radical removes a proton from a molecule.

衍生单位 - an SI unit made from a combination of the base units (e.g., Newton is kg·m/s2.).

干燥剂 - chemical agent that picks up water, often used for drying.

取消出版 - phase change from vapor to solid.

洗涤剂 - cleaning agent with general structure R-SO4.-，不适用+，其中r是长链烷基。

抗磁性 - not attracted to a magnetic field, generally because the material does not contain unpaired electrons.

扩散 - movement of a fluid from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

稀释 - solution containing a small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.

偶极子 - a separation of electrical or magnetic charges.

偶极矩 - measure of the separation of two opposite electrical charges.

二元酸 - acid that can donate two hydrogen atoms or protons per molecule in an aqueous solution.

成正比 - relation between two variables such that their ratio is a constant value.

双糖 - carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides bond, removing a molecule of water from their structure.

置换反应 - chemical reaction in which the cation or anion of one reactant is replaced by one from another reactant.

歧化 - chemical reaction (usually redox) where a molecule forms two or more dissimilar products.

离解反应 - chemical reaction in which a reactant breaks into two or more parts.

溶 - a solute passing into solution, usually a solid going to the liquid phase.

蒸馏液 - vapor formed by a distillation, which may be condensed into a liquid for collection.

蒸馏 - technique of heating a liquid to form a vapor, which is cooled to separate components of the liquid based on volatility or boilings.

二价阳离子 - positive charged ion with a valence of 2.

脱氧核糖核酸 - deoxyribonucleic acd, an organic molecule that codes for proteins.

双键 - chemical bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms.

复分解反应 - chemical reaction in which two reactants exchange anions/cations to form two new products using the same ions.

干冰 - the solid form of carbon dioxide

都柏林 - transition metal with element symbol Db and atomic number 105.

可拉成细丝的 - able to be stretched into a wire without breaking.

动态平衡 - chemical equilibrium between the forward and reverse reaction in which the rates of reaction are equal to each other.

镝 - rare earth metal with element symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

e-有效核电荷对广泛性质的影响

有效核电荷 - net charge an electron experiences in an atom that has multiple electrons.

冒泡 - foaming or bubbling when gas is evolved by a liquid or solid.

风化 - process by which a hydrate loses water of hydration.

渗出液 - movement of gas through a pore or capillary into a vacuum or another gas.

爱因斯坦-爱因斯坦是原子序数为99的元素的名称，由符号es表示。它是锕系的一员。

弹性 - physical property of matter describing the ability to return to original shape after deformation.

导电性 - measure of a substance's ability to carry an electrical current.

电阻率 - measure of how much a material resists carrying an electrical current.

电化学电池 - device that generates a potential difference between electrodes via chemical reactions.

电化学 - scientific study of reactions and species formed at the interface between an electrolyte and a conductor, where electron transfer occurs.

电动势 - the electric potential generated by either an en electrochemical cell or changing magnetic field.

电极 - the anode or cathode of an electrical cell.

电解 - passage of direct current through an ion-conducting solution, producing a chemical change at the electrodes.

电解质 - a substance that forms ions in aqueous solution.

电解槽 - type of electrochemical cell in which the flow of electric energy from an external source enables a redox reaction.

电磁辐射 - light; self propagating energy that has electric and magnetic field components.

电子 - stable negatively charged subatomic particle.

电子亲和力 - measure of the ability of an atom to accept an electron.

电子俘获（欧共体） - form of radioactive decay in which the atomic nucleus absorbs a K or L shell electron, converting a proton into a neutron.

电子云 - region of negative charge surrounding the atomic nucleus that has a high probability of containing electrons.

电子构型 - description of the population of the electronic energy sublevels of an atom.

电子密度 - representation of the probability of finding an electron in a specific region around an atom or molecule.

电子域 - the number of lone electron pairs or bond locations around an atom or molecule.

电负性 - property of an atom that reflects its ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

电子对排斥 - principle that electron pairs surrounding a central atom orient themselves as far apart as possible; used to predict geometry.

电子海模型 - model of metallic bonding in which cations are described as fixed points in a mobile sea of electrons.

电子自旋 - property of an electron related to its spin about an axis, described by a quantum number as either +1/2 or -1/2.

亲电试剂 - atom or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

电镀 - process of adding a metal coat to a material by using a reduction reaction.

静电力 - forces between particles due to their electrostatic charges.

驻极体 - a natural alloy of gold and silver.

要素 - a substance that cannot be subdivided using chemical means; identified by the number of protons in its atoms.

基元反应 - chemical reaction in which reactants form products in a single step without a transition state.

元素符号 - the one- or two-letter abbreviation of a chemical element (e.g., H, Cl).

排放 - products of a combustion reaction, aside from heat and light (e.g., carbon dioxide).

发射光谱 - range of wavelengths emitted by an atom stimulated by electricity or heat.

经验公式 - formula that shows the ratio of elements in a compound, but not necessarily their actual numbers in a molecule.

乳化剂 - stabilizing agent that prevents immiscible liquids from separating.

乳化液 - colloid formed from two or more immiscible liquids where one liquid contains a dispersion of the other liquid(s).

对映体 - a member of a pair of optical isomers.

吸热的 - process which absorbs thermal energy from its environment.

烯二醇 - an alkene enol with a hydroxyl group attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond.

能量 - the ability to do work (e.g., kinetic energy, light).

焓 - thermodynamic property of a system that is the sum of the internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.

焓变 - the energy change of a system at constant pressure.

雾化焓 - quantity of enthalpy change when chemical bonds are broken in a compound to form individual atoms.

反应焓 - difference between total enthalpy of products and total enthalpy of reactants of a chemical reaction.

熵 - measure of the disorder of a system.

酶 - An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst for a chemical reaction.

平衡常数 - ratio of the equilibrium concentration of products raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients to the equilibrium concentration of the reactants raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.

等值点 - point in a titration where the titrant completely neutralizes the analyte.

铒 - Erbium is element atomic number 68 on the periodic table.

必需氨基酸 - amino acid needed in the diet because an organism cannot synthesize it.

酯 - RCO2.r′，其中r是羧酸的烃部分，r′是醇。

乙醚 - organic compound containing two aryl or alkyl groups bound to an oxygen, R-O-R'.

铕-铕是原子序数为63的元素的名称，由符号eu表示。它是镧系元素组的一员。

共晶 - homogeneous solid mixture of at least two types of atoms or molecules that form a superlattice (usually a mix of alloys).

蒸发 - process characterized by a spontaneous transition of molecules from the liquid phase to vapor phase.

过量反应物 - reactant left over in a reaction because it is present in a great amount than needed to react with the limiting reactant.

激发态 - atom, ion, molecule, or subatomic particle in a higher energy level than its ground state.

火用的 - releasing energy to its surroundings.

放热的 - releasing energy to the environment in the form of heat; a type of exergonic process

放热反应 - a chemical reaction that releases heat.

广泛的财产 - property of matter that depends on the quantity of matter that is present (e.g., volume).

f-f轨道到聚变

f轨道 - electron orbital with l = 3 for the angular momentum quantum number,

家庭 - a group of elements that share similar properties.

fa​雷代常数 - a physical constant equal to the electric charge of one mole of electrons, 96485.33 C/mol.

脂肪 - triesters of glycerol and fatty acids that are soluble in organic solvents, but generally insoluble in water.

脂肪酸 - a carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon side chain.

原料 - any unprocessed material used as a supply for a manufacturing process.

费米- 费米是原子序数为100的元素的名称，由符号fm表示。它是锕系元素的一员组.

热力学第一定律 - law which states the total energy of a system and its surroundings is a constant value; the law of conservation of energy.

燃点 - the lowest temperature a vapor will initiate and sustain combustion.

裂变 - the splitting of an atomic nucleus, which results in two or more lighter nuclei and a release of energy.

火焰试验 - an analytical technique used to identify ions based on their emission spectrum in a flame.

易燃的 - easily ignited or capable of sustained combustion.

流体 - a substance that flows under applied shear stress, including liquids, gases, and plasma.

荧光 - luminescence released when an atom absorbs electromagnetic radiation and emits a photon when the electron falls to a lower energy state.

泡沫 - a substance containing gas bubbles trapped within a liquid or solid.

力 - a push or pull on a mass, with both magnitude and direction (vector).

正式指控 - the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom and the number of electrons associated with the atom (e.g., in a chemical bond).

形成反应 - reaction in which one mole of a product is formed.

公式质量或公式重量 - the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a compound's empirical formula.

分馏 - process which separates components of a mixture according to their boiling points.

弗朗西姆 - alkali metal with element symbol Fr and atomic number 87.

自由能 - the amount of internal energy of a system that is available to do work.

自由基 - an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.

冰冻的 - process in which a liquid changes to a solid.

冰点 - temperature at which a liquid transitions to a solid (not always the same as melting point).

凝固点降低 - lowering the freezing point of a liquid by adding another compound to it.

频率 - number of times a point on a wave passes a reference point in one second.

官能团或功能部分 - group of atoms in a molecule that are responsible for characteristic reactions and properties.

融合 - combining light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, accompanied by the release of energy.

g-钆对基团

钆 - rare earth metal with element symbol Gd and atomic number 64.

镓 - metal with element symbol Ga and atomic number 31. ​ 原电池 - electrochemical cell where reactions between dissimilar conductors occur through a salt bridge and electrolyte. 伽马辐射 - high energy ionizing photons, originating from the atomic nucleus. 气体 - state of matter characterized by having neither a defined shape nor defined volume. 气体常数（r） - the constant in the Ideal Gas Law; R = 8.3145 J/mol·K.

盖伊·卢萨克定律 - form of the ideal gas law that states the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature when volume is held constant. 凝胶 - a type of sol where the solid particles are held in a mesh to form a rigid or semi-rigid mixture. 几何异构体 - molecules with the same number and type of atoms as each other, but with different geometrical configurations. Also called cis-trans or configurational isomerism. 锗 - metalloid with element symbol Ge and atomic number 32. 吉布斯自由能 - a measure of the potential for reversible or maximum work done by a system at constant pressure and temperature.

玻璃 - an amorphous solid.

糖苷键 - a covalent bond between a carbohydrate and a functional group or another molecule. 金 - yellow-colored transition metal with element symbol Au and atomic number 79. 格雷厄姆定律 - relation stating the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass or density. 谷物酒精 - purified form of ethyl alcohol made from distilling fermented grain. 克 - unit of mass equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4°C. 克分子质量 - the mass in grams of one mole of a molecular substance.

重量分析 - a set of quantitative analytical techniques based on measurement of a sample's mass. 绿色化学 - branch of chemistry concerned with lessening the environmental effect of chemicals, including development of new materials and processes. 基态 - the lowest energy state of an atom, ion, molecule, or subatomic particle.

组 - a vertical column on the periodic table consisting of elements that share periodic properties.

h-haber过程与假设

哈伯法 - method of making ammonia or fixing nitrogen by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gas

铪 - transition metal with element symbol Hf and atomic number 72.

半电池 - half of an electrolytic or voltaic cell, serving as the site of either oxidation or reduction.

half-life (t1/2) - time required to convert half of the reactant to a product or the time required for half of a radioactive isotope to decay into its daughter isotope.

卤化物离子 - a singlet halogen atom, which has a charge of -1 (e.g., Cl-)

卤素 - an element in Group VIIA of the periodic table (e.g., Br, Cl).

卤代烃 - a hydrocarbon that contains one or more halogen atoms.

硬水 - water that contains high amounts of calcium and/or magnesium cations.

哈桑 - transition metal that is atomic number 108 with element symbol Hs.

热 - energy that flows between matter samples because of a temperature difference.

热容 - quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a sample by a specified amount.

heat of formation ( ΔHF) - amount of heat absorbed or released during formation of a pure substance from its elements at constant pressure.

heat of fusion ( ΔH福斯) - the change in enthalpy (heat) for the conversion of one gram or mole of a solid to a liquid at constant temperature and pressure.

重金属 - a dense metal that is toxic at low concentrations.

海森堡测不准原理 - principle that states it is impossible to determine both the position and momentum of a particle at once with perfect accuracy.

氦-氦是原子序数为2的元素的名称，由符号he表示。它是惰性气体组的成员。

henderson-hasselbalch方程 - an approximation that relates the pH or pOH of a solution, the pKA.或主键B，以及游离物种的浓度比。

亨利定律 - law that states the mass of a gas that will dissolve into solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution.

赫斯定律 - law that states the energy change in an overall reaction equals the sum of the energy changes in its individual (partial) reactions.

由很多种类组成的 -- consisting of dissimilar components.

非均相混合物 - a mixture that lacks a uniform composition such that at least two components are present with identifiable properties.

非均相反应 - chemical reaction in which reactants are different phases from each other.

钬 - rare earth metal with element symbol Ho and atomic number 67.

同种类的 - uniform through its volume.

均聚物 - polymer in which every mer unit is identical.

混合轨道 - orbital formed by the combination of two or more atomic orbitals.

水合反应 - reaction in which a hydrogen and hydroxyl ion are attached to a carbon in a C-C double bond.

碳氢化合物 - molecule consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

氢 - element with atomic number 1 and symbol H.

氢键 - attractive interaction between a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom and a different electronegative atom.

氢化 - reduction reaction that produces hydrogen (usually as H2.).

水解 - decomposition reaction in which one reactant is water. Reverse of a condensation reaction.

比重计 - instrument used to measure the relative densities of two liquids.

氢离子 - the H3.o+阳离子。

疏水的 - property of repelling water.

羟基 - functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom (-OH).

吸湿的 - able to absorb or adsorb water from the surroundings.

高渗 - having higher osmotic pressure than another solution.

假设 - prediction of an event or proposed explanation of a phenomenon.

i-至iupac的理想气体

理想气体 - gas in which molecules have negligible size and kinetic energy dependent only on temperature.

理想气体常数 - physical constant in the Ideal Gas Law, equal to the Boltzmann constant but with different units.

理想气体定律 - PV = nRT where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

不混溶的 - property of two substances being unable to combine to form a homogeneous mixture; unable to mix

自变量 - the variable that is controlled or changed in an experiment to test its effect on the dependent variable.

指示器 - substance that undergoes a visible change when its conditions change (e.g., a pH indicator).

铟 - metal with element symbol In and atomic number 49.

诱导效应 - effect a chemical bond has on the orientation of adjacent bonds in a molecule.

抑制剂 - substance that slows or prevents a chemical reaction.

无机化学 - study of chemistry of molecules of non-biological origin (not containing C-H bonds).

不溶的 - unable to dissolve in a solvent.

密集属性 - property of matter that is independent of the quantity of matter in a sample.

分子间作用力 - the sum of all forces between neighboring molecules.

内能 - the total energy (U) of a closed system.

固有属性 - property of matter that is independent of the quantity of matter present.

中间的 - substance formed in a middle step between reactants and final products.

反比 - relationship between variable such that their product is a constant value.

碘-碘是原子序数为53的元素的名称，由符号i表示。它是卤素族的一员。

离子 - atom or molecule which has a different number of protons than electrons and thus a net electrical charge.

离子的 - pertaining to carrying a net electrical charge at the atomic or molecular level.

离子键 - chemical link between atoms caused by electrostatic force between opposite charged ions.

离子化合物 - compound formed by ions bonding together due to electrostatic forces (differing electronegativity values).

离子方程 - chemical equation in which electrolytes in aqueous solution are written as dissociated ions.

离子半径 - half the distance between two ions just touching each other.

电离能 - energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom of ion.

铱-铱是原子序数为77的元素的名称，由符号ir表示。它是过渡金属集团的成员。

铁-铁是原子序数为26的元素的名称，由符号fe表示。它是过渡金属集团的成员。

等电子 - chemical species that have the same electronic structure and thus same number of valence electrons.

孤立系统 - thermodynamic system that can't exchange energy or matter outside of the system.

异构体 - chemical species with the same number and type of atoms as another species, but a different arrangement and thus different properties.

异构化过程 - protocol in which straight chain hydrocarbons are converted into branched chain hydrocarbons.

同位素 - atoms that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons and thus different atomic weight values.

iupac - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an authority on chemical standards.

以字母j开头的化学定义

焦耳 - SI unit of energy equal to the kinetic energy of a 1 kg mass moving at 1 m/s.

k-开尔文温度与氪的比值

开尔文温标 - an absolute temperature scale with 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water (although values are given without degrees by convention).

角蛋白 - a fibrous protein produced by chordates. It may be found in hair, skin, claws, and wool.

酮 - compound containing a carbonyl functional group (C=O) between two groups of atoms

公斤 - prefix meaning "one thousand".

千帕（千帕） - unit of pressure exerted by a 10 g mass on a square centimeter. There are 1000 Pa in 1 kPa.

动能 - energy associated with motion.

氪 - element 36 on the periodic table with symbol Kr.

对镥的l-不稳定络合物

不稳定复合体 - a complex ion that quickly reaches equilibrium with ligands in the surrounding solution.

镧系元素 - subset of transition metals characterized by filling of the 4f sublevel, usually atomic number 58-71.

镧 - element atomic number 57 with element symbol La.

晶格能 - enthalpy change of the process by which opposite-charged ions in a gas combine to form a solid ionic lattice.

法律 - a general rule that explains a body of scientific observations. Laws are stated in words, but expressed by mathematical equations.

化学平衡定律 - an expression of the relationship between the concentration of reactants and products of a chemical reaction mixture at equilibrium.

结合体积定律 - relation that states the volumes of gases in a chemical reaction are present in the ratio of small integers under conditions where all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.

能量守恒定律 - law that states energy can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may change from one form into another.

质量守恒定律 - law that states matter in a closed system may be neither created nor destroyed, although it may change forms.

常数合成定律 - chemistry law that states samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass.

比例定律 - law that states all samples of a compound contain the same proportion of elements by mass.

多重比例定律 - law that states element combine in ratios of small whole numbers to form molecules.

紫罗兰属 - actinide with element symbol Lr and atomic number 103.

领导 - metal with element symbol Pb and atomic number 82.

勒夏特勒原理 - principle that says that equilibrium of a chemical system will shift in the direction to relieve stress.

路易斯酸-能作为电子对受体的化学物质。

路易斯基地-电子对供体作为电子对供体的物质。

路易斯酸碱反应 - chemical reaction that forms at least one covalent bond between an electron pair donor (Lewis base) and electron pair acceptor (Lewis acid).

刘易斯结构 - representation of a molecule that uses dots to show electrons around atoms and lines to show covalent bonds.

配体 - a chemical species that donates or shares at least one electron via a covalent bond with a central ion or atom.

限量反应物 - the reactant that determines how much product may result from a chemical reaction.

脂质 - class of fat-soluble molecules, also known as oils and fats

液化 - process of converting a material from a solid or gas phase into the liquid phase.

液体 - state of matter characterized by having a definite volume but not a definite shape.

锂 - alkali metal with atomic number 3 and element symbol Li.

石蕊纸 - filter paper used as a pH paper that has been treated with a water-soluble dye obtained from lichens.

伦敦分散部队 - weak intermolecular force between atoms or molecules in close proximity to each other, due to electron repulsion.

一对 - an electron pair in the outer shell of an atom that is not shared or bonded with another atom.

镥 - rare earth metal with element symbol Lu and atomic number 71.

m-大分子与鼠酸

大分子 - molecule containing a very large number of atoms, usually more than 100.

马德隆法则 - rule that describes filling of electron orbitals in atoms due to shielding of nuclear charge by inner electrons.

镁-镁是原子序数为12的元素的名称，由符号mg表示。镁是一种碱土金属。

主要组别元素 - any of the elements in the s and p blocks of the periodic table.

有延展性的 - able to be shaped or pounded with a hammer, usually applied to metals.

锰 - element with atomic number 25 and element symbol Mn.

压力计 - device used to measure gas pressure.

大量 - amount of matter a substance contains or property of matter that resists acceleration.

质量缺陷 - difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.

质量数 - whole number integer that is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.

质量百分比 - concentration calculated as mass of a component divided by total mass of mixture or solution; w/w%.

质谱学 - analytical technique used to separate and/or identify components of a mixture based on mass and electrical charge.

问题 - anything that has mass and occupies volume.

测量 - quantitative or numerical data describing an object or event.

药物化学 - branch of chemistry concerned with design, synthesis, and study of pharmaceuticals.

小孢子虫 - radioactive transition metal with element symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

熔化 - phase change of matter from solid to liquid.

熔点 - temperature at which the solid and liquid phase of matter coexist in equilibrium.

门捷列维 - actinide with atomic number 101 and element symbol Md.

弯月面 - phase boundary between a liquid in a container and a gas, curved due to surface tension.

硫醇 - organic sulfur compound containing an alkyl or aryl group and a thiol group.

巯基 - functional group consisting of a sulfur bonded to a hydrogen; -SH.

水星 - transition metal with element symbol Hg and atomic number Hg.

新陈代谢 - set of biochemical reactions that store chemical energy and convert it into a form an organism can use.

金属 - substance that has high conductivity and other metallic properties, including tendency to form cations, often identified by group on the periodic table.

金属特性 - set of chemical properties associated with metals, including the ability to lose outer valence electrons to form cations.

金属化合物 - chemical compound that contains one or more metal atoms.

类金属 - element with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

米 - either (a) the base unit of length in the SI system or (b) a device used to measure a quantity.

甲基L - functional group containing a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms, -CH3..

微升 - unit of volume that is one-millionth of a liter one cubic millimeter.

微米 - unit of length equal to one-millionth of a meter; a micrometer.

矿物酸 - any inorganic acid (e.g., sulfuric acid).

混溶 - soluble or able to be mixed to form a solution, typically applied to fluids.

混合物 - combination of two or more substances such that each retains its separate chemical identity (e.g., salt and flour).

调解人 - material that slows or moderates the speed of neutrons.

莫氏标尺 - Mohs scale is a relative scale rating the hardness of a mineral. A mineral with a high Mohs number is able to mark a mineral with a lower Mohs number.

部分 - group of atoms in a molecule that are responsible for its characteristic chemical behavior.

摩尔浓度 - unit of concentration that is the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.

臼齿 - refers to molarity (moles per liter of solution); e.g. a 6 M HCl solution has 6 moles of hydrochloric acid per liter of solution.

摩尔熔化焓 - energy needed to change one mole of a substance from solid to liquid phase at constant pressure and temperature.

摩尔蒸发焓 - energy needed to change one mole of liquid to the gas phase at constant pressure and temperature.

摩尔浓度 - unit of concentration that is the number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution.

摩尔质量 - mass of one mole of a substance.

摩尔热容 - heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance 1 Kelvin.

摩尔体积 - volume of one mole of a substance.

鼹鼠 - chemical mass unit equal to 6.022 x 1023分子、原子或其他粒子。

分子方程 - balanced chemical equation in which ionic compounds are expressed as molecules rather than ions.

分子式 - expression of the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

分子几何 - description of the shape of a molecule and the relative positions of its atoms.

分子量 - sum of the atomic masses of atoms in a molecule.

分子轨道 - wave function of an electron in a molecule.

分子量 - sum of the atomic weights of atoms in a molecule.

分子 - chemical species formed by two or more atoms that share chemical bonds such that they form one unit.

摩尔分数 - unit of concentration that is the number of moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of a solution.

摩尔比 - ratio or fraction comparing the numbers of moles of any two components involved in a chemical reaction.

钼 - transition metal with element symbol Mo and atomic number 42.

单原子离子 - an ion formed by a single atom.

单体 - a molecule that is a subunit or building block of a polymer.

一元酸 - acid that donates a single proton or hydrogen atom per molecule in aqueous solution.

母液 - solution remaining after crystals are removed from a crystallization solution.

msds - acronym for Material Safety Data Sheet, a written document outlining safety information about a chemical.

多重键 - a bond formed when two or more pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

小鼠急性脑梗死D - common name for hydrochloric acid, HCl.

n-萘类化合物到营养药物

环烷烃 - cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons from petroleum with the general formula CNH2n.

自然丰度 - average percentage of a given isotope naturally occurring on Earth.

钕 - rare earth metal with element symbol Nd and atomic number 60.

霓虹的 - noble gas with element symbol Ne and atomic number 10.

镎 - actinide with element symbol Np and atomic number 94.

净离子方程 - chemical equation that lists only the species participating in the reaction.

网络实体 - material consisting of an array of repeating covalently bonded atoms.

中性溶液 - aqueous solution with a pH of 7.

中和作用 - chemical reaction between an acid and base that results in a neutral solution.

中子 - particle in the atomic nucleus that has a mass of 1 and charge of 0.

牛顿 (N) - SI unit of force equal to the amount of force needed to accelerate a 1 kg mass 1 m/sec2..

镍-镍是原子序数为28的元素的名称，由符号ni表示。镍是过渡金属组的一员。

铌-铌是原子序数为41的元素的名称，由符号nb表示。铌也称为铌，是一种过渡金属。

氮-氮是原子序数为7的元素的名称，由符号n表示。氮也被称为氮化物，是非金属族的一员。

诺贝尔奖 - actinide with element symbol No and atomic number 102.

惰性气体 - element from Group 8 of the periodic table (e.g., xenon, argon).

惰性气体堆芯 - shorthand notation used writing atomic electron configuration in which previous noble gas configuration is replaced by the element symbol in brackets.

非键电子 - electron in an atom that does not participate in a chemical bond with other atoms.

非电解质 - substance that does not dissociate into ions in aqueous solution.

非金属 - element that does not display metallic properties, typically referring to elements located in the upper right corner of the periodic table.

非氧化酸 - an acid that cannot act as an oxidizing agent.

非极性键 - chemical bond with even distribution of charge such that it does not have positive or negative poles.

非极性分子 - molecule that has even distribution of charge such that it does not have positive and negative sides.

非自发反应 - chemical reaction that cannot occur without input of external work.

非易失性 - substance that does not readily evaporate into a gas under ordinary conditions.

正常沸点 - temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atm of pressure (sea level).

正常浓度 - either refers to normal concentration in which the concentration of solutes is the same in two samples or refers to gram equivalent weight of a solute in solution (N).

常态 (N) - measure of concentration equal to gram equivalent weight per liter of solution.

正常熔点 - temperature at which a solid melts at 1 atm of pressure.

核裂变 - splitting of atomic nuclei into two or more lighter nuclei, accompanied by an energy release.

核辐射 - particles and photons emitted during reactions in the atomic nucleus.

成核 - process of vapor droplets condensing into a liquid, bubbles forming in a boiling liquid, or particle accretion to grow crystals.

亲核 - atom or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

核苷酸 - organic molecule comprised of a nucleotide base, ribose or deoxyribose, and one or more phosphate groups.

核 - positively charged center of an atom, made from protons and neutrons.

核素 - an atom or ion characterized by the proton and neutron composition of its nucleus.

无效假设 - proposition that there is no effect of a treatment or no relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

营养药剂学 - a food or part of food that confers health or medical benefits.

氧辛烷值

辛烷值 - value that indicates resistance of motor fuel to engine knock relative to the knock from isooctane (100) and heptane (0).

八重奏 - group of 8 valence electrons around an atom.

八位组规则 - principal that atoms in an atomic bond share their 8 outer electrons.

开放系统 - a system able to freely exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.

轨道的 - mathematical function that describes the wavelike behavior of an electron.

有机化学 - study of the chemistry of compounds containing carbon chemical bonded to hydrogen.

锇-锇是原子序数为76的元素的名称，由符号os表示。它是过渡金属族的一员。

渗透作用 - movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution, thus diluting it and equalizing concentration on both sides of the membrane.

氧化剂 - a reactant that oxidizes or removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.

氧化 - loss of electrons by an atom, molecule or ion in a chemical reaction.

氧化值 - the electrical charge of a central atom in a coordination compound if all electron pairs and ligands were removed.

氧化态 - the difference between the number of electrons in an atom in a compound compared with the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the element.

氧化物 - an ion of oxygen with an oxidation state equal to 2- (e.g., iron oxide).

氧化剂 - a reactant that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.

氧化剂 - an oxidizer; a reactant that removes electrons from another reactant.

氧阴离子 - an anion that contains the element oxygen.

氧气-氧气是原子序数为8的元素的名称，由符号o表示。它是非金属集团的成员。

p-钯转化为纯物质

钯 - transition metal with element symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

顺磁性 - property of material characterized by being attracted to a magnetic field.

母原子 - atom that undergoes radioactive decay, resulting in one or more daughter atoms.

母核素 - nuclide that decays into a specific daughter nuclide during radioactive decay.

分压 - the pressure a gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it occupied the volume by itself, at the same temperature.

微粒 - small distinct solids suspended in a gas or liquid.

百万分之几 (PPM) - unit of concentration that is one part solute per one million parts solvent.

帕斯卡（帕） - SI unit of pressure equal to the force of 1 Newton per square meter.

泡利不相容原理 - principle that says no two electrons or other fermions can have identical quantum numbers in the same atom or molecule.

成分百分比 - percent by mass of each element in a compound.

百分产量 - percent ratio of actual yield divided by theoretical yield.

周边的 - describes two atoms or groups of atoms in the same plane as each other with respect to a single bond.

时期 - horizontal row of the periodic table; elements with the same highest unexcited electron energy level.

周期律 - law that states the properties of elements recur in a predictable and systematic way when they are arranged by increasing atomic number.

元素周期表 - tabular arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number, ordered according to trends in recurring properties.

周期趋势 - regular variation in the properties of elements with increasing atomic number.

周期性 - recurring variations in element properties with increasing atomic number due to trends in atomic structure.

过氧化物 - a polyatomic anion with molecular formula O2.2-.

石油 - crude oil; natural flammable hydrocarbon mixture found in geologic formations.

酸碱度 - measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, reflecting how acidic or basic a substance is.

阶段 - distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties.

相变 - change in the state of matter of a sample (e.g., liquid to vapor).

相图 - chart showing the phase of a substance according to temperature and pressure.

酚酞 - an organic pH indicator, C20H14o4..

ph指示剂 - compound that changes color over a range of pH values.

燃素 - Phlogiston was believed to be a substance all combustible matter contained and released when burned. Phlogiston theory was an early chemical theory to explain the process of oxidation. Phlogiston had no odor, taste, color or mass. Deflogisticated substances were called the calx of the substance.

ph计 - instrument that measure pH of a solution based on the voltage between two electrodes in the solution.

磷光 - luminescence produced when electromagnetic energy (usually UV light) kicks an electron from a lower to higher energy state. A photon is released when the electron falls to a lower state.

磷 - nonmetal with element symbol P and atomic number 15.

光子 - discrete packet of electromagnetic radiation.

物理变化 - change that alters the form of matter but not its chemical composition.

物理性质 - characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the identity of the sample.

π键 - covalent bond formed between two neighbor atom unbonded pi orbitals.

pka - negative base 10 log of the acid dissociation constant; lower pKa correlates to stronger acid

pkb - negative base 10 log of the base dissociation constant; lower pKa correlates with stronger base.

普朗克常数 - proportionality constant that relates photon energy to frequency;  6.626 x 10-34j·秒。

等离子体 - state of matter with no defined shape or volume consisting of ions and electrons.

白金 - transition metal with atomic number 78 and element symbol Pt.

钚-钚是原子序数为94的元素的名称，由符号pu表示。它是锕系的一员。

气原 - member of the nitrogen element group.

波黑 - measure of the hydroxide ion concentration in an aqueous solution.

极性键 - type of covalent bond in which the electrons are unequally shared between the atoms.

极性分子 - molecule containing polar bonds such that the sum of the bond dipole moments is not zero.

钋 - element atomic number 84 with element symbol Po.

多原子离子 - ion comprised of two or more atoms.

聚合物 - large molecule made of rings or chains of repeated monomer subunits.

多核芳烃 - hydrocarbon made of fused aromatic rings.

多元酸 - acid able to donate more than one hydrogen atom or proton per molecule in an aqueous solution.

正电子 - the antimatter counterpart to an electron, which has a charge of +1.

钾 - alkali metal with element symbol K and atomic number 19.

电位差 - work required to move an electric charge from one point to another.

势能 - energy due to an object's position.

ppb - parts per billion

百万分之一 - parts per million

镨 - rare earth element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59.

加速 - to form an insoluble compound by reacting salts or altering a compound's solubility.

沉淀反应 - chemical reaction between two soluble salts in which one product is an insoluble salt.

压力 - measure of force per unit area.

初级标准 - very pure reagent.

主能级  - primary energy signature of an electron, indicated by quantum number n.

主量子数 - quantum number n that describes the size of an electron orbital.

产品 - substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

镨 - rare earth element with atomic number 61 and element symbol Pm.

证明 - volume percentage of ethyl alcohol in an alcoholic beverage.

财产 - characteristic of matter fixed by its state.

精锕 - actinide with atomic number 91 and element symbol Pa.

质子 - component of the atomic nucleus with a defined mass of 1 and charge of +1.

质子化 - addition of a proton to an atom, ion, or molecule.

防扩散安全倡议 - unit of pressure; pounds per square inch.

纯物质 - sample of matter with constant composition and distinct chemical properties.

量子数的q-定量分析

定性分析 - determination of the chemical composition of a sample

定量分析 - determination of the amount or quantity of components in a sample.

量子 - a discrete packet of matter or energy, plural is quanta

量子数 - value used to describe the energy levels of atoms or molecules. There are four quantum numbers.

r-卢瑟福基辐射

辐射 - emitted energy in the form of rays, waves, or particles.

放射性 - spontaneous emission of radiation as particles or photons from a nuclear reaction.

放射性示踪剂 - radioactive element or compound added to a material to monitor its progress through a system.

镭-镭是原子序数为88的元素的名称，由符号ra表示。它是碱土金属集团的成员。

氡 - radioactive gas with element symbol Rn and atomic number 86.

拉乌尔定律 - relation that states the vapor pressure of a solution depends on the mole fraction of solute added to the solution.

反应物 - starting material for a chemical reaction.

反应 - a chemical change that forms new substances.

反应商-q - ratio of the concentration of products of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants.

反应速率 - the speed at which chemical reactants form products.

试剂 - compound or mixture added to a system to produce a reaction or test if one occurs.

天然气 - gas that does not behave as an ideal gas because its molecules interact with one another.

氧化还原指示剂 - compound that changes color at a specific potential difference.

氧化还原反应 - set of chemical reactions involving reduction and oxidation

氧化还原滴定 - titration of reducing agent by an oxidizing agent or vice versa.

减少 - half reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number, generally by gaining electrons.

制冷剂 - compound that readily absorbs heat and releases it at a higher temperature and pressure.

相对密度 - ratio of density of a substance to the density of water.

相对误差 - uncertainty of a measurement compared to the size of the measurement.

相对标准差 - measure of precision of data, calculated by dividing standard deviation by the average of data values.

相对不确定度 - relative error; uncertainty of a measurement compared to the size of the measurement.

残留 - matter remaining after evaporation or distillation or an undesirable reaction byproduct or a recognizable portion of a larger molecule.

共鸣 - average of two or more Lewis structure, differing in the position of electrons.

反渗透 - filtration method that works by applying pressure on one side of a semipermeable membrane

可逆反应 - chemical reaction in which the products act as reactants for the reverse reaction.

铼 - transition metal with atomic number 75 and element symbol Re.

铑 - transition metal with atomic number 45 and element symbol Rh.

核糖核酸 - ribonucleic acid, a molecule which codes for amino acid sequences.

烘烤 - metallurgical process in which a sulfide ore is heated in air to form a free metal or metal oxide.

钅仑 - radioactive element with atomic number 111 and element symbol Rg.

室温 - temperature that is comfortable for humans, typically around 300 K.

rt - abbreviation for room temperature; ambient temperature that is comfortable for humans.

铷-铷是原子序数为37的元素的名称，由符号rb表示。它是碱金属族的一员。

钌 - transition metal with atomic number 45 and element symbol Ru.

卢瑟福 - radioactive transition metal with element symbol Rf and atomic number 104.

s-盐对合成反应的影响

 盐 - ionic compound formed by reacting an acid and a base; sometimes refers only to sodium chloride, NaCl.

盐桥 - connection containing a weak electrolyte located between the oxidation and reduction half cells of a galvanic cell.

钐 - rare earth element with atomic number 62 and element symbol Sm.

皂化 - reaction between triglycerides and either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to form a fatty acid salt called soap and glycerol.

饱和的 - either a substance in which all atoms are linked by single bonds, a solution that contains maximum dissolved solute concentration, or a thoroughly wetted material.

饱和脂肪 - lipid containing only single C-C bonds.

饱和溶液 - chemical solution containing the maximum concentration of dissolved solute for that temperature.

钪-钪是原子序数为21的元素的名称，由符号sc表示。它是过渡金属组的成员。

科学-通过观察和实验对世界的性质和行为进行的系统研究

科学法 - general rule that explains a body of observations in the form of a mathematical or verbal statement and implies a cause an effect relationship between observations.

科学方法 - system of acquiring knowledge and solving problems through observation and experimental testing of hypotheses.

海博尔金 - radioactive transition metal with element symbol Sg and atomic number 106.

第二量子数 - ℓ, the quantum number associated with the angular momentum of an atomic electron.

硒 - nonmetal with element symbol Se and atomic number 34.

半金属 - element with a partially filled p orbital, causing it to exhibit properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.

硅 - System Internationale, the standard metric system of units.

西格玛键 - covalent bonds formed by overlapping of outer orbitals of adjacent atoms.

最简单的公式 - ratio of elements in a compound.

单置换反应 - chemical reaction in which an ion of one reactant is exchanged for the corresponding ion of another reactant.

骨骼结构 - two-dimensional graphic representation of atoms and bonds in a molecule using element symbols and solid lines for bonds.

钠-钠是原子序数为11的元素的名称，由符号na表示。

溶胶 - type of colloid in which solid particles are suspended in a liquid.

固体 - state of matter characterized by high degree of organization, with a stable shape and volume.

凝固 - phase change that results in formation of a solid.

溶解度 - maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved in a specified solute.

溶度积 - K服务提供商，固体离子化合物溶解在溶液中产生离子的化学反应的平衡常数。

溶质 - substance that is dissolved in a chemical solution.

解决方案 - homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

溶剂 - component of a solution present in the greatest proportion.

比重 - ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.

比热 - quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a mass a specified amount.

比热容 - amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance per unit mass.

观众离子 - ion found in the same amount on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction that does not affect equilibrium.

光谱学 - analysis of the interaction between matter and any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

谱 - characteristic wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by an object or substance.

自旋量子数（ms） - fourth quantum number, which indicated orientation of intrinsic angular momentum of an electron in an atom.

自发裂变 - spontaneous splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei and usually neutrons, accompanied by the release of energy.

自发过程 - process which can occur without any energy input from the surroundings.

标准 - reference used to calibrate measurements.

标准氢电极 - SHE, the standard measurement of electrode potential for the thermodynamic scale of redox potentials.

标准氧化电位 - potential in volts generated by an oxidation half-reaction compared to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C, 1 atm pressure and a concentration of 1 M.

标准还原电位 - potential in volts generated by a reduction half-reaction compared to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C, 1 atm pressure and a concentration of 1 M.

标准溶液 - a solution with a precisely known concentration.

标准温度和压力 - STP, 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and 1 atm pressure.

物质状态 - homogeneous phase of matter (e.g., solid, liquid).

水蒸气蒸馏 - distillation process in which steam or water is added to lower boiling points of compounds.

钢 - an alloy of iron that contains carbon.

立体数 - number of atoms bonded to a central atom of an molecule plus number of lone electron pairs attached to the central atom.

原液 - concentrated solution intended to be diluted to a lower concentration for actual use.

化学计量 - study of quantitative relationships between substances undergoing a physical or chemical change.

stp - standard temperature and pressure; 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and 1 atm pressure. 

强酸 - acid that completely dissociates into its ions in aqueous solution.

坚实的基础 - base that completely dissociates into its ions in aqueous solution (e.g., NaOH).

强电解质 - electrolyte that completely dissociates in aqueous solution.

锶 - alkaline earth with element symbol Sr and atomic number 38.

升华 - phase transition from solid phase directly to vapor phase.

子壳 - subdivision of electron shells separated by electron orbitals (e.g., s, p, d, f).

基底 - medium on which a reaction occurs or reagent that offers a surface for absorption.

取代基 - atom or functional group that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

取代反应 - chemical reaction in which a functional group or atom is replaced by another functional group or atom.

硫黄-硫是原子序数为16的元素的名称，由符号s表示。

上清液 - the liquid result of a precipitation reaction.

过饱和 - supercooled; condition in which a liquid has been cooled to a temperature below which crystallization normally occurs, yet without solid formation.

表面张力 - physical property equal to the force per unit area needed to expand the surface of a liquid.

表面活性剂 - species that acts as a wetting agent to lower liquid surface tension and increase spreadability.

暂停 - heterogeneous mixture of solid particles in a fluid.

合成反应 - direct combination reaction; chemical reaction in which two or more species combine to form a more complex product.

t-钽对廷德尔效应

钽 - transition metal with element symbol Ta and atomic number 73.

锝 - transition metal with element symbol Tc and atomic number 43.

碲 - metalloid with element symbol Te and atomic number 52.

温度 - property of matter that is a measure of the kinetic energy of its particles; measure of heat or cold.

铽 - rare earth element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65.

四面体 - molecular geometry in which a central atom form four bonds directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron.

德克萨斯州碳 - a carbon atom that forms five covalent bonds, forming a structure resembling a star.

铊 - metal with atomic number 81 and element symbol Tl.

理论产量 - quantity of product that would be obtained if the limiting reactant in a reaction reacted completely.

理论 - a well-established explanation of scientific data which can be disproven by a single contrary result.

热力学 - scientific study of heat, work, and related properties of mechanical and chemical systems.

热固性塑料 - a polymer that is made irreversibly rigid upon heating.

硫醇 - an organic sulfur compound consisting of an alkyl or aryl group and a sulfur-hydrogen group; R-SH.

巯基 - functional group containing a sulfur bound to a hydrogen, -SH.

钍-钍是原子序数为90的元素的名称，用符号th表示。

铥 - rare earth element with atomic number 69 with element symbol Tm.

锡 - metal with atomic number 50 and element symbol Sn.

酊剂 - an extract of a sample into a solution, usually with alcohol as the solvent.

钛 - transition metal with element symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

滴定剂 - solution of known concentration used in a titration to determine the concentration of a second solution.

滴定法 - process of adding a known volume and concentration of one solution to another to determine the concentration of the second solution.

托尔 - unit of pressure equal to 1 mm Hg or 1/760 standard atmospheric pressure.

反式异构体 - isomer in which functional groups occur on opposite sides of the double bond.

过渡期 - concentration range of chemical species that can be detected using an indicator.

过渡金属 - element from the B group of the periodic table characterized by having partially filled d electron orbital sublevels.

平动能 - energy of motion through space.

变化 - to change from one form or substance into another.

三相点 - temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phase of a substance coexist at equilibrium with each other.

钨 - transition metal with atomic number 74 and element symbol W.

廷德尔效应 - the scattering of a beam of light as is passes through a colloid.

铀-紫外线转化为铀

紫外线辐射 - ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 100 nm and 400 nm. Sometimes called black light.

联合国身份证 - a four-digit code used to identify dangerous or flammable chemicals. United Nations Identifier

联合国编号 - a UN ID used for the transport of dangerous materials.

单元 - a standard used for comparison in measurements.

通用气体常数 - usually indicated by R, the gas constant is the Boltzmann constant in units of energy per temperature per mole: R = 8.3145 J/mol·K

通用指示器 - a mixture of pH indicators used to measure pH over a wide range of values.

通用溶剂 - a chemical that dissolves most substances. While water is often called the universal solvent, most nonpolar molecules are insoluble in it.

不饱和 - either refers to a solution that can dissolve more solute or to an organic compound containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

不饱和脂肪 - a lipid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.

不饱和溶液 - a solution in which solute concentration is lower than its solubility. All solute present dissolves into the solution.

铀 - element 92 with symbol U.

v-真空至vsepr

真空 - a volume containing little to no matter (no pressure).

原子价 - number of electrons needed to fill the outermost electron shell.

价键理论 - explanation of bonding between two atoms as a result of the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals.

价电子 - outer electron most likely to participate in bond formation or a chemical reaction.

价层电子对排斥理论 - molecular model that predicts geometry of atoms in a molecule by minimizing electrostatic forces between valence electrons around a central atom.

钒 - Vanadium is the name for the element with atomic number 23 and is represented by the symbol V. It is a member of the transition metals group.

范德瓦尔斯力 - weak forces that contribute to intermolecular bonding.

范德瓦尔斯半径 - half the distance between two unbonded atoms in a state of electrostatic balance.

水蒸气 - a condensable gas.

蒸汽压 - pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with liquid or solid phases of the same substance or the partial pressure of a vapor above its liquid or solid.

汽化 - phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase.

矢量 - a geometric object that has both magnitude and direction.

粘度 - how readily a fluid flows, which is the ratio between an applied shear stress and the resulting velocity gradient.

可见光 - electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye, usually from 380 nm to 750 nm (400 to 700 nm).

不稳定的 - a substance that readily vaporizes.

体积 - the three-dimensional space occupied by a solid, liquid, or gas.

容量瓶 - type of chemistry glassware used to prepare solutions of known concentration.

体积百分比 - v/v% is the ratio between the volume of a substance in a solution to the total volume of the solution, multiplied by 100%.

vsepr - see Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

w-工作溶液中的水

水 - a compound formed by one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Usually this refers to the liquid form of the molecule.

水煤气 - a combustion fuel that contains hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide.

结晶水 - water the stoichiometrically bound in a crystal.

水合水 - water stoichiometrically bound in a compound, forming a hydrate.

波函数 - a function that describes the probability of the quantum state of a particle in terms of spin, time, position, and/or momentum.

波长 - the distance between identical points of two successive waves.

波粒二象性 - the concept that photons and subatomic particles exhibit properties of both waves and particles.

蜡 - a lipid consisting of chains of esters or alkanes derived from fatty acids and alcohols.

弱酸 - an acid that only partially dissociates into its ions in water.

弱碱 - a base that only partially dissociates in water.

弱电解质 - an electrolyte that does not completely dissociate into its ions in water.

楔形和破折号投影 - molecule representation using three types of lines to show three-dimensional structure.

重量 - the force on a mass due to the acceleration of gravity (mass multiplied by acceleration).

字方程式 - a chemical equation expressed in words rather than chemical formulas.

工作 - force multiplied by distance or the amount of energy needed to move a mass against a force.

工作溶液 - a chemical solution prepared for use in a lab, usually by diluting a stock solution.

x-氙到x射线

氙气 - Xenon is an element with an atomic number of 54 and atomic weight of 131.29. It is an odorless inert gas that is used to fill cathode ray tubes.

x射线-x射线是波长在0.01到1.0纳米之间的光线。也称为：x射线

y-钇的产率

产量-在化学中，产率是指一种化合物的量产品从化学反应中获得。化学家指的是实验产率，实际产量,理论产量，及百分产量区分计算的产率值和从反应中实际获得的产率值。

镱 - Ytterbium is element number 70 with an element symbol Yb.

钇 - Yttrium is an element element with an atomic number of 39 and atomic weight of 88.90585. It is a dark gray metal that is used to make alloys for nuclear technology because the element has a high neutron transparency.

z-zaitsev规则与两性离子

 扎伊采夫规则 - rule in organic chemistry that states alkene formation from an elimination reaction will produce more highly substituted alkenes.

zeta电位（ζ-电位） - the potential difference across the phase boundary between a liquid and a solid.

锌 - Zinc is the name for the element with atomic number 30 and is represented by the symbol Zn. It is a member of the transition metals group.

锆 - Zirconium is the name for the element with atomic number 40 and is represented by the symbol Zr. It is a member of the transition metals group.

两性离子 - the dipolar amino acid formed when a hydrogen ion transfers from an acid group to an amine group.