" Virgil imbues his Hades, as well as his Elysium, with a substantiated and understandable raison d'etre , and in the process corrects the notions of his predecessor [Homer in the Odyssey]. For Virgil, the Underworld must be categorized and organized as well as justified: thus the grouping of the souls of his Hades by reason or nature of punishment." Interaction and Reaction in Virgil and Homer

黑社会问题

下面是一些关于冥冥神话的未回答的问题，这些问题被留在《奥德赛》席西的《纽库亚》（荷马）：

• 为什么埃尔彭纳对他没有被埋葬感到不安？
• 为什么说在所有凡人中，提雷西亚被允许对凡人的事情保持清醒的头脑？
• 为什么西西弗斯、提提俄斯和坦塔罗斯这三个被永远折磨的人的影子彼此接近？

《涅奎亚》中呈现的黑社会观点与现代死亡观不同。当一个人严格遵守犹太-基督教的地狱观时，很难理解到底发生了什么。

在这一页和下一页中，根据对维吉尔的引用，对荷马黑社会有一些见解。维吉尔（或维吉尔）所著的《埃涅伊德》是在荷马的《奥德赛》之后许多世纪才写成的。尽管有几个世纪，维吉尔在时间上比我们更接近荷马。维吉尔是一个很好的榜样，也因为他有意模仿荷马的作品并加以阐述，他生活在荷马的写作仍然是普通文化的一部分的环境中，因为荷马是儿童日常教育的核心。因此，维吉尔告诉我们一些关于希腊-罗马（异教徒）的地下世界的事情，我们应该知道这些来理解荷马的《内库亚》。

" The striking similarities and close contrasts between the Underworlds of the two poets make it painfully obvious that Virgil was strongly affected by the ideas instilled in Homer's text. How exactly he reacted to this "burden," however, and how he attempted to justify his own work and separate it from that of Homer: these are the difficult yet ever-important questions. In re-creating Homer's Hades, and in the process facing up to his predecessor, Virgil exhibits clearly his desire to re-work Homer, to complete and perfect the vision of the earlier poet." Interaction and Reaction in Virgil and Homer

去黑社会的原因

Homer

Odysseus goes to the Underworld for help getting home.

Vergil

Aeneas goes to pay a duty call on his dead father Anchises.

黑社会指引

Homer

The help Odysseus seeks comes from the prophet, Tiresias, in the Underworld and the sorceress, Circe, among the living.

Vergil

Among the living, Aeneas seeks the guidance of the Sibyl at Cumae, a priestess of Apollo who speaks inspired prophetic utterances. Among the dead, he seeks the counsel of his father.

警告

Homer

Circe calms his fears and instructs Odysseus on how to travel.

Vergil

The Sibyl tells Aeneas how to proceed but warns him that while the trip to Hades is easy, the return voyage is limited to the select favorites of Jupiter. Aeneas must be divinely chosen if he is to return. This isn't all that terrifying a caveat, however, since he will know in advance whether he will be able to make the trip. In order to start the journey, the Sibyl says he must find a golden bough sacred to Proserpine. Should the gods not want him to proceed, he will fail to find it, but he does find it. In the guise of two doves, Venus, Aeneas' mother, guides him.

未埋葬的死者

像奥德修斯一样，埃涅阿斯也有一个死去的同伴要埋葬，但与他的前任不同，埃涅阿斯必须在进入地狱之前埋葬他，因为死亡已经污染了埃涅阿斯的舰队（托塔姆克·埃伦塔特·福内尔·克拉塞姆）。埃涅阿斯最初并不知道他的同伴中有谁死了。当他发现米塞努斯已死时，他会举行必要的仪式。

Misenus lay extended on the shore; Son of the God of Winds: none so renown'd The warrior trumpet in the field to sound; With breathing brass to kindle fierce alarms, And rouse to dare their fate in honorable arms. He serv'd great Hector, and was ever near, Not with his trumpet only, but his spear. But by Pelides' arms when Hector fell, He chose Æneas; and he chose as well. Swoln with applause, and aiming still at more, He now provokes the sea gods from the shore; With envy Triton heard the martial sound, And the bold champion, for his challenge, drown'd; Then cast his mangled carcass on the strand: The gazing crowd around the body stand. 162-175

与奥德修斯略有不同的是，埃涅阿斯有两个男人，他必须为他们举行葬礼，但直到西比尔把他带到冥河岸边，经过死亡的陪伴：饥荒、瘟疫、老年、贫穷、恐惧、睡眠和疾病（库雷、莫比、塞内特斯、梅特斯、法默斯、埃吉斯塔斯、勒图姆、拉波斯和索波尔），他才找到第二个男人. 在那里，埃涅阿斯在岸上找到了他最近去世的舵手帕利努鲁斯，帕利努鲁斯在接受适当的葬礼仪式之前无法跨越。因为他在海上迷路了，所以不可能进行适当的埋葬。