会话分析（ca）

在社会语言学中，会话分析也被称为“互动中的谈话”和“民族方法学”，是对普通人类互动过程中产生的谈话的研究。社会学家哈维·萨克斯（Harvey Sacks，1935-1975）通常被认为是该学科的创始人。...

在社会语言学中，会话分析也被称为“互动中的谈话”和“民族方法学”，是对普通人类互动过程中产生的谈话的研究。社会学家哈维·萨克斯（Harvey Sacks，1935-1975）通常被认为是该学科的创始人。

相邻对

通过会话分析定义的最常见的结构之一是邻接对，它是两个不同的人所说的连续话语的呼叫和响应类型。以下是一些例子：

传票/答辩

我能在这里找人帮忙吗？
我马上就到。

提议/拒绝

售货员：您需要有人帮您拿包裹吗？
顾客：不用了，谢谢。我知道了。

称赞/接受

你的领带打得真好。
谢谢这是我妻子送给我的周年纪念礼物。

会话分析观察

"[C]onversation analysis (CA) [is] an approach within the social sciences that aims to describe, analyze and understand talk as a basic and constitutive feature of human social life. CA is a well-developed tradition with a distinctive set of methods and analytic procedures as well as a large body of established findings... "At its core, conversation analysis is a set of methods for working with audio and video recordings of talk and social interaction. These methods were worked out in some of the earliest conversation-analytic studies and have remained remarkably consistent over the last 40 years. Their continued use has resulted in a large body of strongly interlocking and mutually supportive findings." From "Conversation Analysis: An Introduction" by Jack Sidnell

会话分析的目的

"CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. But what is the aim of studying these interactions? Principally, it is to discover how participants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk, with a central focus on how sequences of action are generated. To put it another way, the objective of CA is to uncover the often tacit reasoning procedures and sociolinguistic competencies underlying the production and interpretation of talk in organized sequences of interaction." From "Conversation Analysis" by Ian Hutchby and Robin Wooffitt

对会话分析批评的回应

"Many people who take a look at CA 'from the outside' are amazed by a number of superficial features of CA's practice. It seems to them that CA refuses to use available 'theories' of human conduct to ground or organize its arguments, or even to construct a 'theory' of its own. Furthermore, it seems unwilling to explain the phenomena it studies by invoking 'obvious' factors like basic properties of the participants or the institutional context of the interaction. And finally, it seems to be 'obsessed' with the details of its materials. These impressions are not too far off the mark, but the issue is why CA refuses to use or construct 'theories,' why it refuses interaction-external explanations, and why it is obsessed with details. The short answer is that these refusals and this obsession are necessary in order to get a clear picture of CA's core phenomenon, the in situ organization of conduct, and especially talk-in-interaction. So CA is not 'a-theoretical' but it has a different conception of how to theorize about social life." From "Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide" by Paul ten Have