当你开始学习IP地址时，一开始要知道具体的地址代表什么以及为什么这样做可能会有点混乱。有鉴于此，今天的超级用户问答帖子帮助好奇的读者进一步了解IP地址。

今天的问答环节是由SuperUser提供的，SuperUser是Stack Exchange的一个分支，是一个由社区驱动的问答网站分组。

图片由CLUC（Flickr）提供。

问题

超级用户读者Flare Cat想知道不同类型的LAN IP地址代表什么？:

I have seen LAN IP addresses in the following ways/forms:

• 10.0.0.*
• 192.168.0.*
• 192.168.1.*
• 192.168.2.*
• 127.0.0.* (this one usually ends with a 1 and I am not sure if it is a LAN address or not, since I normally see it with proxy stuff)

Why are there different forms of LAN IP addresses and what do they represent (mean)?

不同类型的局域网IP地址代表什么？？

答案

超级用户贡献者Abraxas为我们提供了答案：

There are many questi*** that deal with this, but here is a crash course on what are called Private IP Addresses, as defined in RFC 1918.

IP addresses were broken up into what are called classes as seen here. This is no longer used (replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing, or CIDR for short), but may help in understanding different sizes of networks:

There are a couple of basic distincti*** regarding addresses. You have what are called networks, network addresses, public addresses, private addresses, and subnets.

In short, your computer gets an IP address which resides in a particular IP network. Your computer’s IP address and your network’s address (usually defined in your local router) are private addresses. Private addresses differ from public addresses in that private addresses are not assigned to public networks. For instance, if you ping google.com, you will receive a resp***e from the public address which google.com resolves to. That is a public address. There are some networks which are “special” and do not get assigned publicly; they are called private IP addresses. For more information, read here: What is a Private IP Address?

Here is a list of the private network ranges:

The easiest way, I think, to visualize this is to imagine the following. Your Internet service provider gives you a single IP address, “50.100.101.154”, for example. This is plugged into the modem/router for your home and is the public interface’s IP address. However, you have more than one device you want on your network, so what your modem/router does is it creates an “internal” network. Say it picks the number “192.168.1.0” for the network and it is a standard netmask (read related links to find out more).

This means that you can plug in devices inside of your router and give them any IP address which fits this pattern: “192.168.1.1-254”. The last octet (space after the last period) is your “available range” of host IP addresses. There are some special IP addresses (network addresses, broadcast addresses, etc.), but if you do not use a “0” or a “255”, you will be fine in most cases.

So, the short answer is, “10.x.x.x, 192.168.x.x, and 172.16-31.x.x” are all IP addresses that you can use in your own home network which will never conflict with public IP addresses. This is important for the following reason:

When you try to go to a website, say google.com, and your browser contacts a DNS server on the Internet and says ‘Where is google.com?’, it gets a resp***e back in the form of an IP address. The resp***e is basically, “If you want to get to google.com, then go to 8.8.8.8.” Your browser then sends a request to “8.8.8.8” and loads whatever page is there.

What if you used “8.8.8.8” for an IP address in your home network? Well, you might have an issue because your router may say, “I know where 8.8.8.8 is, it is right over there!” and then you end up losing access to google.com because you cannot get out of your network and resolve the correct “8.8.8.8” address. Since private IP address ranges are designated for private use only, public websites should never use them and therefore you should never look up a website address (outside of your LAN) which points to one of them.

“127.0.0.1” is a special type of address called your “localhost” address (I will not go in to it here). It does cover the whole 127 range: “127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255”. Think of it as a way to give a device its own IP address without anyone or anything else being able to do things with that address.

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