当你刚刚开始学习网络和IP地址是如何工作的时候，这一切看起来都有点让人不知所措，但是只要稍微学习一下，你就能理解这一切是如何结合在一起的。今天的超级用户问答帮助一个困惑的读者了解IP地址如何为他的Wi-Fi网络工作。

今天的问答环节是由SuperUser提供的，SuperUser是Stack Exchange的一个分支，是一个由社区驱动的问答网站分组。

Linux屏幕截图（Flickr）提供的屏幕截图。

问题

超级用户读者Thomas想知道他家里的两台电脑是否有相同的IP地址：

This question might seem stupid, but I wondered if two computers on the same Wi-Fi network have the same IP address? For example, my dad’s computer and my computer at home.

If so, how does the outside world distinguish one computer from the other (like when a server wants to send some data back to us)?

这两台计算机的IP地址是否相同？

答案

超级用户贡献者Reaces和Abraxas为我们提供了答案。首先，达到：

Both computers are seen as having the same IP address externally. Your router will relay requests to the originating computer and the procedure used for this is Network address translation.

However, if you were to try to communicating with your father’s computer, you would use your internal addresses. These use a custom range intended for internal use only: private address range.

接下来是艾布拉克斯的回答：

Here is a very quick outline of how IP addressing works in this situation:

You have your home computer with a network interface (Ethernet port or Wi-Fi card) and each of these have unique MAC addresses which identify them globally.

Network interfaces are given IP addresses by your router/modem/switch/access point. Your access point (AP) is part of or connected to a modem/router/switch which gives the AP an IP. This is how things look so far:

Your Computer (IP) –> Access Point (IP) –> Cable Modem (IP)

Here is an example of what those IP addresses might be like. In the example, the 4th octet (the last number of each set) determines your device’s IP address, the 3 to the left of them determine the devices network.

192.168.1.50 –> 192.168.1.25 –> 192.168.1.1

Essentially, in this example, the modem creates a network called 192.168.1. All devices on the network are given a different x value (1-255), the last digit.

Here is an important distinction. There are 2 types of IPv4 IP addresses, Public and Private. Public IP addresses are the ones you see on the Internet (if you ping google.com you will get a public IP address). Inside of a network you typically have a Private IP address setup (192.168.x.x, 172.x.x.x, and 10.x.x.x) are all IP addresses that do not exist on web servers on the Internet, they are reserved for local networks.

Typically, your home network has a gateway which is something like x.x.x.1 (192.168.1.1 or 10.1.1.1 for instance). This means that they are not accessible from the outside world, they are meant to be inside your network.

How do internal network devices get on the internet then?

If you go to Whati**yip.com, you will see an IP address listed that is not your computer, your AP, or your modem/router. This is your Public IP address.

Typically your modem/router has two functi***:

1. Receive an IP address from the outside world and talk to your ISP’s network with that address.
2. Create an internal network and let them talk through its external interface.

So here, effectively, is what your modem does:

Public IP (Cable Jack) –> [Modem] –> Private Network (IP) –> Ethernet Ports –> [Computers]

The modem bridges the public Internet to your network. requests from your internal network get sent to your modem which forwards them to the Internet. This way only one public IP address is needed for all of your devices to talk to the Internet.

On the Internet side of the modem, you have an IP address assigned by your ISP which is the one Whati**yip.com shows you. This is put ‘on’ the interface of your modem which is attached to your cable/DSL/T1 line. The other side of the modem/router (where you plug in your access point, switch, or computers) is given an IP address that you can configure. The way people are able to have servers visible to the public is that they can tell the modem things like this: “When a request comes to our PUBLIC IP ADDRESS asking for a resource, connect that traffic to INTERNAL IP ADDRESS OF RESOURCE.”

When you send a message your computers, the IP address basically becomes ‘encapsulated’ within various ‘headers’ of your data. Ultimately, the computers seeing your traffic see the external IP address from your modem and not your physical computers internal IP address. More data is sent containing MAC addresses and things like that, but essentially one public IP address can represent an entire network of devices behind it.

More information can be found here: What is an IP address? (Or all over the internet.)

NAT is the process by which your router translates the internal addresses to your public address and your public incoming traffic to the correct internal IP address.

There is a lot more to it, but that should provide the general gist of it.

有什么要补充的解释吗？在评论中发出声音。想从其他精通技术的Stack Exchange用户那里了解更多答案吗？在这里查看完整的讨论主题。