理解对流降雨

当太阳（或日晒）的能量加热地球表面并使水蒸发变成水蒸气时，就会发生对流降雨。然后，温暖潮湿的空气上升，随着上升，空气冷却。空气到达一个被称为凝结层的点，在这个点上，空气已经冷却到水蒸气凝结并变回液态的程度。这种在高空大气中凝结的过程导致云的形成。随着云层的不断增长，水滴的重量最终会导致降水(您可以在此图中看到循环。）...

对流风暴

对流风暴发生在世界许多地区。在热带地区有水源和高温的地区，这种情况最为严重。它们在温暖的山区也很常见，比如夏季的欧洲阿尔卑斯山。这张照片显示了强烈上升气流形成的高耸云层。

这场对流风暴于2002年发生在悉尼附近，当时有大雨和冰雹。冰雹是在云中形成冰粒时形成的。

气流将粒子在云中上下移动，同时在原子核周围形成额外的冰层。最终，冰雹变得太重而无法支撑，并落在地上。这个网站有一些有用的照片和视频剪辑。

对流风暴在许多方面影响着人们的生活。它们会对飞机造成各种危害，包括高空的湍流和冰冻。以下内容基于美国堪萨斯州南部的极端天气摘要。

资料来源：堪萨斯州，2006年http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ict/newsletter/Spring2006.php

The convective storm started when hail 5 to 10 cms diameter hit a number of rural counties. Between 6:00 and 7:00 pm, one of the super-cellular severe storms in Reno County unleashed its power and caused disastrous and tragic results. The storm produced 80-100 mph winds on its southern end which raked south and southeast Reno County. This storm then took aim at Cheney Lake and State Park. The damage at the state park was major, and included the marina, around 125 boats, 35 campers, and an unspecified number of mobile homes. One mobile home was leveled. Total damage estimated around 12.5 million dollars. Six people were injured, all of whom required transport to Wichita hospitals. One man was killed when his fishing boat was overturned. On June 30th, Southeast Kansas was hit by destructive winds and hail that reached the size of baseballs. The baseball-sized hail hit parts of Woodson County around 7:35 pm, causing around $415,000 damage to crops. As the evening progressed, the severe thunderstorms, continued to unleash 80-100 mph winds. Hardest hit was Neosho County. In Chanute, large trees were uprooted with many falling onto homes and businesses. Other homes and businesses were completely unroofed. Numerous barns and sheds were destroyed. The towns of Erie and St. Paul experienced nearly identical fates. In Erie, one home was destroyed. In St. Paul, a church steeple was completely removed. Obviously, many power lines and power poles were blown down, severing power to all three towns. This round of atmospheric mayhem was responsible for $2.873 million damage to crops and property. Another product of severe convection that drew considerable attention in 2005 was the flash flood. The first major event occurred June 8th and 9th from around 8:00 pm the evening of the 8th to the early afternoon of the 9th. Hardest hit were Butler, Harvey and Sedgwick counties. In Butler County, two families required rescues from their homes 4 miles north of Whitewater. Numerous streets were barricaded in and around El Dorado, and creeks overflowed. The most notable occurred 2 miles northeast of Elbing, where Henry Creek overflowed, closing 150th Street as well as the 150th Street Bridge. In Harvey County, widespread 12-15 inch rainfalls in approximately 10 hours resulted in evacuations in Newton, where most streets were barricaded. Perhaps the worst flooding in this event occurred in Sedgwick, where an estimated 147,515 acres of farmland were inundated totaling an estimated $1.5 million damage. In Sedgwick County, 19 homes were flooded, of which 12 were mobile homes which are particularly susceptible to storm damages. These homes were completely surrounded by flooding; which isolated their occupants from the outside world. In Mt. Hope, people required rescue from their homes. Many streets and highways were barricaded, especially across Northern Sedgwick County, where flash floods reached 6 foot depths. The flooding inundated around 75,000 acres of farmland. Total property damage was estimated at $150,000.