玛格丽特·琼斯

以:第一个因巫术在马萨诸塞湾科隆被处决的人而闻名职业:助产士、药剂师、理疗师日期:1648年6月15日去世,在查尔斯顿(现为波士顿的一部分)作为女巫被处决...

以:第一个因巫术在马萨诸塞湾科隆被处决的人而闻名职业:助产士、药剂师、理疗师日期:1648年6月15日去世,在查尔斯顿(现为波士顿的一部分)作为女巫被处决

Depiction of witches riding.

1648年6月15日,玛格丽特·琼斯被判犯有巫术罪,被吊死在一棵榆树上。新英格兰已知的第一次巫术处决是在前一年:康涅狄格州的阿尔斯(或爱丽丝)杨。

萨缪尔·丹福思(Samuel Danforth)是一名哈佛大学毕业生,当时在哈佛大学担任家教,他在年鉴中报道了她的死刑。塞缪尔的兄弟托马斯是1692年塞勒姆女巫审判的法官。

约翰·黑尔后来作为马萨诸塞州贝弗利市的牧师参与了塞勒姆女巫审判,他在12岁时目睹了玛格丽特·琼斯被处决的过程。牧师。海尔被叫去帮助牧师。帕里斯于1692年初确定了家中发生奇怪事件的原因;他后来出席了法庭听证会和处决,支持法庭的行动。后来,他对诉讼程序的合法性提出了质疑,而他装腔作势出版的书《对巫术性质的适度调查》是为数不多的有关玛格丽特·琼斯的信息来源之一。

资料来源:法庭记录

我们从几个渠道了解玛格丽特·琼斯。一份法庭记录指出,1648年4月,一名妇女和她的丈夫被监禁,并根据“本在英国发现女巫的课程”观察巫术的迹象。该官员于4月18日被任命执行这项任务。虽然没有提到被观看者的姓名,但随后发生的涉及玛格丽特·琼斯及其丈夫托马斯的事件证实了这样一个结论,即被点名的丈夫和妻子就是琼斯一家。

法庭记录显示:

"This court beinge desireows that the same course which hath ben taken in England for the discovery of witches, by watchinge, may also be taken here with the witch now in question, & therefore doe order that a strict watch be set about her every night, & that her husband be confined in a private roome, & watched also."

温斯洛普日记

温斯洛普州长是玛格丽特·琼斯被判有罪的审判法官,根据他的日记,她被发现触摸造成疼痛、疾病甚至耳聋;她开的药(提到了茴香和酒)具有“异常的暴力效果”;她警告说,那些不使用她的药物的人不会痊愈,而且一些被警告过的人已经复发,无法治疗;她“预言”了一些她无法知道的事情。此外,人们还发现了两种通常被认为是女巫的迹象:女巫的印记或女巫的乳头,以及被人看见和一个孩子在一起,经过进一步的调查,这个孩子消失了——人们的假设是这样一个幽灵是一个精灵。

温斯洛普还报道了她被处决时在康涅狄格州发生的一场“非常大的风暴”,人们认为这证实了她确实是个女巫。温斯洛普的日记账如下。

At this court one Margaret Jones of Charlestown was indict- ed and found guilty of witchcraft, and hanged for it. The evidence against her was, 1. that she was found to have such a malignant touch, as many persons, (men, women, and children,) whom she stroked or touched with any affection or displeasure, or, etc., were taken with deafness, or vomiting, or other violent pains or sickness, 2. she practising physic, and her medicines being such things as (by her own confession) were harmless, as aniseed, liquors, etc., yet had extraordinary violent effects, 3. she would use to tell such as would not make use of her physic, that they would never be healed, and accordingly their diseases and hurts continued, with relapse against the ordinary course, and beyond the apprehension of all physicians and surgeons, 4. some things which she foretold came to pass accordingly; other things she could tell of (as secret speeches, etc.) which she had no ordinary means to come to the knowledge of, 5. she had (upon search) an apparent teat in her secret parts as fresh as if it had been newly sucked, and after it had been scanned, upon a forced search, that was withered, and another began on the opposite side, 6. in the prison, in the clear day-light, there was seen in her arms, she sitting on the floor, and her clothes up, etc., a little child, which ran from her into another room, and the officer following it, it was vanished. The like child was seen in two other places, to which she had relation; and one maid that saw it, fell sick upon it, and was cured by the said Margaret, who used means to be employed to that end. Her behavior at her trial was very intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the jury and witnesses, etc., and in the like distemper she died. The same day and hour she was executed, there was a very great tempest at Connecticut, which blew down many trees, etc. Source: Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England" 1630-1649. Volume 2. John Winthrop. Edited by James Kendall Hosmer. New York, 1908.

十九世纪的历史

19世纪中叶,塞缪尔·加德纳·德雷克(Samuel Gardner Drake)写下了玛格丽特·琼斯(Margaret Jones)一案,包括更多关于她丈夫可能遭遇的情况的信息:

The first Execution for Witchcraft in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was at Boston on the 15th of June, 1648. Accusations were probably common long before this, but now came a tangible Case, and it was carried through with as much Satisfaction to the Authorities, apparently, as ever the Indians burnt a Prisoner at the Stake. The Victim was a Female named Margaret Jones, the Wife of Thomas Jones of Charlestown, who perished on the Gallows, as much for her good Offices, as for the evil Influences imputed to her. She had been, like many other Mothers among the early Settlers, a Physician; but being once suspected of Witchcraft, "was found to have such a malignant Touch, as many Persons were taken with Deafness, or Vomiting, or other violent Pains or Sickness." Her Medicines, though harmless in themselves, "yet had extraordinary violent Effects;" that such as refused her Medicines, "she would tell that they would never be healed, and accordingly their Diseases and Hurts continued, with Relapse against the ordinary Course, and beyond the Apprehension of all Physicians and Surgeons." And as she lay in Prison, "a little Child was seen to run from her into another Room, and being followed by an Officer, it was vanished." There was other Testimony against her more ridiculous than this, but not necessary to be recited. To make her Case as bad as possible, the Record or it says "her Behaviour at her Trials was intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the Jury and Witnesses," and that "in like Distemper she died." It is not unlikely that this poor forsake Woman was distracted with Indignation at the Utterances of the false Witnesses, when she saw her Life was sworn away by them. The deluded Court denounced her frantick Denial of the Charges as "lying notoriously." And in the probably honest Belief in Witchcraft, the same Recorder says, in the most complacent Credulity, that "the same Day and Hour she was executed, there was a very great Tempest at Connecticut, which blew down many Trees, &c." Another equally credulous Gentleman, writing a Letter to a Friend, dated at Boston on the 13th of the same Month, says: "The Witche is condemned, and to be hanged Tomorrow, being Lecture Day. Whether there were any other suspected Persons at the time Margaret Jones was prosecuted, we have no Means of ascertaining, yet it is more than propable that a supposed Spirit of Darkness had been whispering in the Ears of the Men in Authority in Boston; for about a Month before the Execution of Margaret, they had passed this Order: "The Courte desire the Course which hath been takin in England for Discovery of Witches, by watching them a certina Time. It is ordered, that the best and surest Way may forthwith be put in Practice; to being this Night, if it may be, being the 18th of the third Month, and that the Husband may be confined to a private Roome, and be also then watched." That the Court was stirred up to ferret out Witches, by the late Successes in that Business in England, -- several Persons having been tried, condemned and executed in Feversham about two Years before -- is not improbable. By "the Course which hath been taken in England for the Discovery of Witches," the Court had References to the Employment of Witch-Finders, one Matthew Hopkins having had great Success. By his infernal Pretensions "some scores" of innocent bewildered People met violent Deaths at the Hands of the Executioner, all along from 1634 to 1646. But to return to the Case of Margaret Jones. She having gone down to an ignominious Grave, leaving her Husband to suffer the Taunts and Jeers of the ignorant Multitude, escaped further Prosecution. These were so insufferable that his Means of Living were cut off, and he was compelled to try to seek another Asylum. A ship was lying in the Harbor bound for Barbadoes. In this he took Passage. But he was not thus to escape Persecution. On this "Ship of 300 Tons" were eighty Horses. These caused the Vessel to roll considerably perhaps heavily, wich to Persons of any Sea Experience would have been no Miracle. But Mr. Jones was a Witch, a Warrant was sued out for his Apprehension, and he was hurried thence to Prison, and there left by the Recorder of the Account, who has left his Readers in Ignorance of what became of him. Whether he were the Thomas Joanes of Elzing, who in 1637 took Passage at Yarmouth for New England, cannot be positively stated, although he is probably the same Person. If so, his Age at that Time was 25 Years, and he married subsequently. Samuel Gardner Drake. Annals of Witchcraft in New England, and Elsewhere in the United States, From Their First Settlement. 1869. Capitalization as in the original.

另一个十九世纪的分析

同样在1869年,威廉·弗雷德里克·普尔(William Frederick Poole)对查尔斯·厄普汉姆(Charles Upham)对塞勒姆女巫审判的描述作出了回应。普尔指出,厄普汉姆的论点主要是科顿·马瑟在塞勒姆女巫审判中犯了错误,为了获得荣誉和不易受骗,并以玛格丽特·琼斯(Margaret Jones)的案件(以及其他案件)为例,证明女巫处决并非始于科顿·马瑟。以下是文章中有关玛格丽特·琼斯的部分的摘录:

In New England, the earliest witch execution of which any details have been preserved was that of Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, in June, 1648. Governor Winthrop presided at the trial, signed the death-warrant, and wrote the report of the case in his journal. No indictment, process, or other evidence in the case can be found, unless it be an order of the General Court of May 10, 1648, a certain woman, not named, and her husband, be confined and watched. ... [Poole inserts the transcript, shown above, of Winthrop's journal] ... The facts in relation to Margaret Jones seem to be, that she was a strong-minded woman, with a will of her own, and undertook, with simple remedies, to practise as a female physician. Were she living in our day, she would brandish a diploma of M. D. from the New England Female Medical College, would annually refuse to pay her city taxes unless she had the right to vote, and would make speeches at the meetings of the Universal Suffrage Association. Her touch seemed to be attended with mesmeric powers. Her character and abilities rather commend themselves to our respect. She made anise-seed and good liquors do the good work of huge doses of calomel and Epsom salts, or their equivalents. Her predictions as to the termination of cases treated in the heroic method proved to be true. Who knows but that she practiced homoeopathy? The regulars pounced upon her as a witch, as the monks did upon Faustus for printing the first edition of the Bible, -- put her and her husband into jail, -- set rude men to watch her day and night, -- subjected her person to indignities unmentionable, -- and, with the assistance of Winthrop and the magistrates, hanged her, -- and all this only fifteen years before Cotton Mather, the credulous, was born! William Frederick Poole. "Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft" North American Review, April, 1869. Complete article is on pages 337-397.

  • 发表于 2021-10-09 05:32
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