上面的(upper)和下尿路感染(lower urinary tract infection)的区别

Let us first look at a brief overview of the urinary tract, before discussing the difference between upper and lower urinary tract infection.The urinary tract is the tubular system which transfers urine from the site of its production, kidneys. The urinary tract c***ists of bilateral ureters opening into the urinary bladder and the urethra which passes urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior. This tubular system makes a continuous passage for the urine flow. This system is lined by a special type of epithelium called urothelium. The renal pelvis which receives urine from the renal tissue and to the ureters is known as the Upper urinary tract. The urethra and the bladder storage is referred to as The Lower urinary tract. Infecti*** of the urethra (urethritis) and the bladder (cystitis) are referred to as lower urinary tract infecti***. Involvement of the ureters and the kidneys (pyelonephritis) is referred to as upper urinary tract infecti***. Therefore, the key difference between lower and upper urinary tract infecti*** is determined by the anatomical involvements. However, there could be situati*** where the whole tract is infected causing pan urinary tract infecti***. Lower urinary tract infection can easily spread to involve upper tracts causing both upper and lower urinary tract infecti*** together. 上面的(upper)和下尿路感染(lower urinary tract infection)的区别

什么是上尿路感染(upper urinary tract infection)？

上尿路感染或肾盂肾炎是一种严重的感染，有时会导致死亡。这些感染通常由来自肠道的革兰氏阴性杆菌引起。泌尿系统解剖异常的患者以及免疫抑制的患者易患肾盂肾炎。临床特征以高热和腰部压痛为特征。病人可能会因为败血症或血液中的细菌而病情严重。这些病人需要入院治疗，在取尿和血进行培养后，应立即开始静脉注射革兰氏阴性杆菌抗生素。如果病人有尿排泄系统阻塞，可能需要置入支架。抗生素持续足够的时间是非常重要的，因为不完整的疗程会导致再次感染和并发症。一旦急性期结束，调查潜在原因并进行适当治疗（如肾结石切除）是非常重要的。上尿路感染的并发症有肾脓肿、急性肾功能衰竭、慢性肾盂肾炎等。

什么是下尿路感染(lower urinary tract infection)？

下尿路感染或尿道炎是一种非常常见的感染形式，尤其是在性活跃的**中。**更容易感染下尿路感染，因为她们的尿道较短，与**较长的尿道相比，**的尿道较短，使得皮肤有机体易于迁移。因此，**下尿路感染以及儿童和老年人的下尿路感染被认为是重要的。一些*****如梅毒也会导致尿道炎。通常表现为严重的下腹部疼痛。下尿路感染应使用适当口服抗生素的短原因治疗，并可作为门诊治疗。简单的下尿路感染不需要特殊检查。然而，那些对抗生素没有反应的病人，以及那些反复感染的人，需要进一步调查。