在言语和写作中，组合错误是无意中对声音、字母、音节或单词的重新排列。装配错误也称为动作错误或口误，是一种语言失误，有时会导致意外后果。集合错误可以提供说话者潜意识思考的线索。语言学家Jean Aitchison解释说，汇编错误“提供了有关人类准备和产生语言的方式的重要信息。”

为什么会发生汇编错误

威廉D。Allstetter在《演讲与听力》一书中解释说，汇编错误可能表明演讲者在讲话前思考过多，而不是他们在讲话前没有思考过自己要说什么：

"[A] common form of assemblage error is anticipation, which occurs when a person utters a word or sound too early. Instead of saying that he or she is about to make an 'important point,' a person might anticipate the 'oi' sound and say 'impoitant point.' Words can also be anticipated, as in the phrase 'when you buy the laundry,' instead of 'when you take the laundry, buy me some cigarettes.' In other cases, people sometimes repeat sounds, saying a 'tall toy' instead of a 'tall boy.'"

Allstetter补充说，人们在说一个词之前在头脑中构建“完整的短语”。就像一个拼图迷把树枝放在草片应该放的地方一样，犯组合错误的人会事先算出一个句子的所有部分，但在把它们口头提供给听者之前很难重新组合。

汇编错误的类型

艾奇森在《语言与思维词汇表》中说，有三种类型的汇编错误，它们是：

• 演讲者过早插入字母或声音的预期
• 说话人无意中交换字母或声音的交换或换位
• 坚持（重复）-说话者不小心重复一个声音

艾奇森解释说，了解这三种类型可以帮助你辨别说话人正在犯哪种类型的装配错误，这可以帮助你理解他们的思维，甚至是他们的心态。

"For example, the large number of anticipations, compared with perseverations, indicates that humans are thinking ahead as they speak, and are able to erase the memory of what they have said quite fast. Assemblage errors contrast with selection errors, in which a wrong item has been chosen. Together, these form the two major subdivisions within slips of the tongue (speech errors). A similar distinction can be made within slips of the pen (writing errors), and slips of the hand (signing errors)."

关于汇编错误的争论

并非所有的语言学家都认为，组合错误完全可以归为这三类。事实上，确定一个错误是汇编错误还是其他完全错误可能很困难。艾奇森在另一本书《头脑中的词语：心理词汇导论》中解释了关于这个问题的争论：

"For example, is conversation for 'conservation' a selection error, in which one similar-sounding word has been picked instead of another? Or an assemblage error, in which the [s] and [v] were reversed? Or what about the student who, describing her new boyfriend, said 'He's such a lovely huskuline man.' Was this a genuine blend, in which the similar-meaning words husky and masculine had been bundled together, when she meant to say only one? Or was it a 'telescopic' blend, in which two adjacent words had been telescoped together in a hurry, so that what she had really meant to say was 'husky AND masculine'?"

一些语言学家认为，由于说话人在发出声音之前计划了一个完整的句子或短语，所以会出现组合错误，这一概念本身可能是一个可疑的理论。美林公司。加雷特是亚利桑那州立大学的心理语言学专家和名誉教授，他指出，在“词汇检索过程：语义场效应”中出现口语错误时，许多变量都在起作用：

"[M]ovement errors have provided a basis for claims that sentence-planning processes proceed in distinct processing levels, and that lexical and segmental content are significantly dissociated from their phrasal environments in the computational processes that build sentence form. Put simply, the argument is that such assumptions can account for a variety of otherwise apparently unrelated constraints on error distribution."

加勒特指出，言语中的错误可能是由于集合错误理论中提出的整洁范畴之外的问题造成的。他和其他语言学专家，如伦敦大学学院认知神经科学研究所名誉教授布赖恩·巴特沃斯（Brian Butterworth）认为，一般来说，言语错误不能简单地划分为几个类别，甚至可能是完全不同的。

来源

• 艾奇森，琼。语言和思维的词汇表。牛津大学出版社，2003年。
• Jean Aitchison，《头脑中的词汇：心理词汇导论》，第四版，Wiley Blackwell，2012年。
• 威廉·D·奥尔斯特。演讲和听力。切尔西大厦，1991年。
• 加雷特，美林F。“词汇检索过程：语义场效应〉《框架、场和对比：语义和词汇组织方面的新论文》，阿德里安·莱勒和伊娃·费德·基蒂主编。劳伦斯·厄尔鲍姆，1992年。
• 布莱恩，巴特沃斯。”言语错误：寻找新理论的旧数据〉，《德·格鲁伊特，沃尔特·德·格鲁伊特》，柏林/纽约，1981年1月1日。