高达90%的交流是非语言的。通过语音变化、面部表情和身体姿势，更容易传达信息。

副语言学是对这些声音（有时是非声音）信号的研究，这些信号超出了基本的语言信息或言语，也被称为声音。雪莉·韦茨解释说，副语言学“非常重视说话的方式，而不是说话的内容。”

是什么

副语言包括重音、音高、音量、语速、调制和流利度。一些研究人员还将某些非发声现象归入副语言的范畴：面部表情、眼动、手势等。彼得·马修斯说：“副语言的界限（不可避免地）是不精确的。”

尽管副语言学曾被描述为语言研究中“被忽视的继子”，但语言学家和其他研究人员最近对该领域表现出了更大的兴趣。

近几十年来，通过电子邮件、短信和社交媒体进行的非面对面交流的兴起，导致了表情符号被用作副语言的替代品。

词源学

来自希腊语和拉丁语，“在”+“语言”旁边

文化差异

并非所有文化都以相同的方式解释这些非语言线索，当不同背景的人试图交流时，这可能会造成混乱。

在沙特阿拉伯，大声说话代表权威，轻声说话代表顺从。另一方面，美国人因其响亮而常常被欧洲人视为鲁莽。芬兰语比其他欧洲语言说得慢，这导致人们认为芬兰人自己也“慢”。有些人对美国的南方拖拉口音也有类似的看法。

实例和意见

"We speak with our vocal organs, but we converse with our entire bodies. ... Paralinguistic phenomena occur alongside spoken language, interact with it, and produce together with it a total system of communication. . . . The study of paralinguistic behavior is part of the study of conversation: the conversational use of spoken language cannot be properly understood unless paralinguistic elements are taken into account." — David Abercrombie "Paralinguistics is commonly referred to as that which is left after subtracting the verbal content from speech. The simple cliche, language is what is said, paralanguage is how it is said, can be misleading because frequently how something is said determines the precise meaning of what is said." — Owen Hargie, Christine Saunders, and David Dickson Loudness in Different Cultures "A simple example of the adverse effects of paralinguistics is quoted in [Edward T.] Hall concerning the loudness with which one speaks (1976b). In Saudi Arabian cultures, in discussions among equals, the men attain a decibel level that would be considered aggressive, objectionable and obnoxious in the United States. Loudness connotes strength and sincerity among Arabs; a soft tone implies weakness and deviousness. Personal status also modulates voice tone. Lower classes lower their voices. Thus, if a Saudi Arab shows respect to an American he lowers his voice. Americans 'ask' people to talk more loudly by raising their own voices. The Arab then has his status confirmed and thus talks even more quietly. Both are misreading the cues!" — Colin Lago Vocal and Nonvocal Phenomena "The more technical discussion of what is loosely described as tone of voice involves the recognition of a whole set of variations in the features of voice dynamics: loudness, tempo, pitch fluctuation, continuity, etc. . ... It is a matter of everyday observation that a speaker will tend to speak more loudly and at an unusually high pitch when he is excited or angry (or, in certain situations, when he is merely simulating anger and thus, for whatever purpose, deliberately communicating false information). ... Among the most obvious non-vocal phenomena classifiable as paralinguistic, and having a modulating, as well as punctuating, function is the nodding of the head (in certain cultures) with or without an accompanying utterance indicative of assent or agreement. ... One general point that has been continually stressed in the literature is that both the vocal and non-vocal phenomena are to a considerable extent learned rather than instinctive and differ from language to language (or, perhaps one should say, from culture to culture)." — John Lyons Detecting Sarcasm Based on Paralinguistic Cues "There was nothing very interesting in Katherine Rankin's study of sarcasm—at least, nothing worth your important time. All she did was use an M.R.I. to find the place in the brain where the ability to detect sarcasm resides. But then, you probably already knew it was in the right parahippocampal gyrus. ... "Dr. Rankin, a neuropsychologist and assistant professor in the Memory and Aging Center at the University of California, San Francisco, used an innovative test developed in 2002, the Awareness of Social Inference Test, or Tasit. It incorporates videotaped examples of exchanges in which a person’s words seem straightforward enough on paper, but are delivered in a sarcastic style so ridiculously obvious to the able-brained that they seem lifted from a sitcom. "'I was testing people’s ability to detect sarcasm based entirely on paralinguistic cues, the manner of expression,' Dr. Rankin said. ... "To her surprise, ... the magnetic resonance scans revealed that the part of the brain lost among those who failed to perceive sarcasm was not in the left hemisphere of the brain, which specializes in language and social interactions, but in a part of the right hemisphere previously identified as important only to detecting contextual background changes in visual tests. "'The right parahippocampal gyrus must be involved in detecting more than just visual context—it perceives social context as well,' Dr. Rankin said." — Dan Hurley

来源

• 哈利法、埃尔沙迪格·穆罕默德和法德尔、哈比卜。“使用副语言对英语教学和学习以传达有效意义的影响”，《英语教学研究》，2017年。file:///Users/owner/Downloads/934-2124-1-SM.pdf
• 人际沟通http://faculty.seattlecentral.edu/baron/Spring_courses/ITP165_files/paralinguistics.htm
• 表情符号和符号并没有破坏语言——它们正在彻底改变语言，劳伦·科利斯特-https://theconversation.com/emoticons-and-symbols-arent-ruining-language-theyre-revolutionizing-it-38408
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