人们常说“有”或“有”在西班牙语中是用动词hay(haber的一种形式)来表达的——事实上,这通常是这样的。然而,在某些情况下,动词estar的形式——通常是está(单数)或están(复数)——应该使用。
区别在于其含义:
举个例子,看看这个简单的句子:“有一本书。”至少在写作中,英语是模棱两可的——这个句子可以用“有一本书在那里”来表达,意思是一本书在某个地方。或者可以解释为“一本书存在”。在西班牙语中,每个解释都会使用不同的动词。
同样的原则也适用于英语可能模棱两可的许多其他情况:
抽象名词,或不涉及可存在于特定位置的对象的名词,通常不与estar一起使用,而是与hay一起使用:
理解差异的另一种方法是查看被翻译的英语的语法。在使用estar翻译的句子中,“there”充当位置副词。如果“here”可以替换为“there”,并且这个句子仍然有意义,“there”被用来表示位置。然而,当“there”被用作虚词时,haber被用于翻译。
虽然上面使用了现在指示时态的例子,但同样的规则也适用于其他时态和虚拟语气。
当它被用来表示仅仅存在时,哈伯只能用在标准西班牙语的第三人称中。在第一人称和第二人称复数中,通常可以用类似的方式使用ser(“我们”和“你”)。这种用法在数字中尤其常见。
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