什么是美国的大交换？(the great american interchange?)
美洲大交汇处听起来像是某种高速公路，但它实际上是大约300万年前在美洲发生的一个古地理事件，发生在上新世时期。 美洲大交汇处是由火山活动造成的巴拿马地峡引起的，它将自超级大陆盘古大陆解体以来已经分离了2亿年的北美洲和南美洲连接在一起。 许多哺乳动物，属于已经分离了数个世纪的品系，在各大洲之间交换，此后它们成为同一总体生物地理区域-美洲的一部分。
The mammalian fauna of North America prior to the Great American Interchange were in general boreoeutherian, a clade composed of sister taxa Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires, which encompasses the New World primates, lagomorphs (pikas, rabbits, hares), rodents (rats and mice), moles, shrews, gophers, ancient horses, deer, the now-extinct American Camel, skunks, bears, saber-tooth cats, wolves, foxes, cougars, American Lion, and others. The South American fauna was more unique to just that continent, including marsupials (with some carnivorous variants), xenarthrans (armadillos, anteaters and sloths, including giant ground sloths), porcupines, Vampire Bats, the Dire Wolf, "Terror Birds," numerous native ungulates (hoofed animals) including the peculiar Macrauchenia, which is described as a humpless camel, low in stature with a short trunk.
总的来说，如果把美洲大交汇看作是一种进化竞争，那么北美就赢了。 北美动物群生活在一个更严酷、更寒冷、气候更多样的大陆上，它们的适应性比南美动物群更适合竞争，其中大部分动物群严重适应热带雨林，只走到了中美洲。 一个例外是臭名昭著的恐怖鸟，它们走到了德克萨斯和佛罗里达，估计一路上用它们巨大而锋利的喙吃掉了数百万只小型哺乳动物。 然而这种成功是短暂的，因为恐怖鸟在走过一百万年的时间里灭绝了。
成功利用美洲大交汇处并存活至今的动物的一些例子包括犰狳（最常在德克萨斯州发现）、弗吉尼亚负鼠（格兰德河以北唯一发现的有袋动物）、豪猪、吸血蝙蝠（在墨西哥发现）、美洲狮和王鹫（在整个中美洲都能发现）。
- 发表于 2022-02-09 12:29
- 阅读 ( 76 )
- 分类：科学
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