为什么屏幕时间研究不能衡量智能手机对我们幸福感的影响

荧屏时间与青少年幸福感之间的相关性是什么？这是一个重要的问题，我们对此的答案有限，而且往往相互矛盾。本周《连线》上的一篇报道几乎让我们的手机摆脱了任何负面影响——但我想知道这项研究是否完全了解我们现在的生活方式。...

荧屏时间与青少年幸福感之间的相关性是什么？这是一个重要的问题，我们对此的答案有限，而且往往相互矛盾。本周《连线》上的一篇报道几乎让我们的**摆脱了任何负面影响——但我想知道这项研究是否完全了解我们现在的生活方式。

Wired报道称，迄今为止，关于屏幕时间对幸福感的潜在影响的大部分研究都依赖于大量调查的自我报告数据。现有数据的绝对数量意味着创造性科学家几乎可以就相关性进行任何争论，从而导致对真相的广泛混淆。

在最新一期《自然-人类行为》（Nature-Human Behavior）中，研究人员安德鲁·普兹比尔斯基（Andrew Przybylski）和艾米·奥尔本（Amy Orben）将一种新的统计方法应用于这一问题：一种称为规格曲线分析（specification curve ****ysis）的工具，使他们能够同时评估数千种可能的相关性。以下是《连线》的Robbie Gonzalez介绍他们的发现：

The result was a series of visualizati*** that map the wide gamut of potential effects researchers could detect in the three repositories, and they reveal several important things: One, that **all changes in ****ytical approach can lead to dramatically different findings along that spectrum. Two, that the correlation between technology use and well-being is negative. And three, that this correlation is very, very **all, explaining — at most — 0.4 percent of the variation in adolescent well-being.

To put it in perspective, the researchers compared the link between technology use and adolescent well-being to that of other factors examined by the large-scale data sets. “Using technology is about as associated with well-being as eating potatoes,” Przybylski says. In other words: hardly at all. By the same logic, bullying had an effect size four times greater than screen use. Smoking cigarettes? 18 times. Conversely, getting enough sleep and eating breakfast were positively associated with adolescent well-being at a magnitude 44 and 30 times that of technology use, respectively.

这些发现最引人注目的是，研究人员将欺凌与“使用屏幕”区分开来。收集的数据涉及2000年或以后出生的儿童。当然，欺凌行为仍然会在线下发生，但它也有一个主要的在线成分(澳大利亚的一项反欺凌倡议发现，84%的曾在线下受到欺凌的儿童也曾在网上受到欺凌。）换句话说，欺凌和屏幕使用是有联系的，但本文没有办法将它们分开。

我在这项研究中搜索了更多关于它所评估的数据的信息，并对整个研究的陈腐感感到惊讶。收集的屏幕使用数据类别包括孩子是否拥有电脑、玩“平日电子游戏”、看“平日电视”或“在家使用互联网”。这些类别可能有助于对20世纪80年代儿童和20世纪10年代儿童进行纵向比较研究，但它们很难捕捉到当今年轻人可能遇到的丰富多彩的屏幕时间(这里有一个“社交媒体使用时间”的分类，在今天和以往一样重要。）

但在大多数情况下，这些都是应用于智能**后世界的智能**前数据类别。质疑对数据的任何分析，无论统计上多么严格，是否能反映屏幕对我们心理或行为的个人或集体影响，似乎是公平的。

上个月，马克斯·里德（Max Read）在撰写法国黄背心**活动时哀叹“理论上的讨论暗示，没有Facebook，就有可能出现一些反历史的‘控制世界’。”他认为，Facebook的存在已经对我们产生了十多年的影响，使我们几乎不可能想象一个从未发生过这种事情的当今世界。

我想知道智能**是否也不是这样。自2013年以来，全球出货的大多数**都是智能**——也就是说，可以上网的**。在智能**无处不在的世界里，试图量化智能**对幸福感的单一“影响”，我觉得太天真了。智能**改变了我们结识浪漫伴侣、发送**照、穿梭城市、购买毒品和酒精、与朋友共度时光的方式，仅举其中一些后果。祝你好运，把这一切都变成一个变量。

在某些方面，智能**似乎对年轻人很有好处——比如，青少年怀孕率下降了，青少年吸毒率也下降了。一种流行的理论认为，青少年在家里用屏幕与朋友联系的时间越来越多，而在外面捣乱的时间越来越少。与此同时，在线欺凌仍然是每个平台的祸害(你知道42%的青少年报告在Instagram上受到欺凌吗？）如果你认为社交平台助长了仇恨言论的传播，或极右翼民粹主义的兴起，或年轻人思想的激进主义，你如何将其纳入幸福的统计账户？

《连线》的标题呼应了普兹比尔斯基的观点：“屏幕对精神健康的危害可能与。。。然而，阅读研究报告，我就不那么确定了。这些数据显然表明了普兹比尔斯基的建议。但我不确定这些数据是否真的回答了我们希望它回答的问题——或者研究人员是否从一开始就提出了正确的问题。

民主

泄露的备忘录阐明了Facebook限制员工讨论政治和宗教的新“基本规则”

员工在Facebook上聊天有多热？今天，多亏了Rob Price的这一好发现，我了解到公司指派了工程师来协调员工内部的讨论。它还为员工内部辩论制定了（非常合理的）新准则：

“We’re keeping it simple with three main guidelines: Don’t insult, bully, or antagonize others. Don’t try to change someone’s politics or religion. Don’t break our rules about harassing speech and expression,” the 43-year-old technology exec wrote. […]

The changes indicate that as Facebook attempts to reform itself, it is taking a stronger approach to its historically open employee communication platform, and is investing in new moderation controls. “These guidelines apply to all work communicati*** including Workplace, email, chat, tasks, posters, whiteboards, chalkboards, and face-to-face. Since Workplace is where most of these discussi*** happen, we are investing engineering resources there,” Schroepfer wrote.

Facebook承诺投入3亿美元支持新闻，重点是本地新闻

去年，谷歌向本地新闻项目捐赠了3亿美元。今天，脸谱网宣布也会这样做。其基本思想是让出版商不再使用显示广告，因为谷歌和Facebook在显示广告中处于双寡头地位，并让他们通过订阅收入实现自给自足。尼曼实验室采访了负责Facebook新闻活动的坎贝尔·布朗：

BROWN: Coming out of the accelerators, we found out of all the various investments we were making that this was a bright spot. Publishers were seeing some promising results. For example, The Denver Post had a 172 percent increase in digital subscripti*** after the accelerator, the Miami Herald saw three times growth in the number of readers hitting the three article limit between March and June based on a test they did.I want to be clear that we have a ton of work to do here, but it is work we are committed to because it does seem to be yielding some real progress and we’re pretty excited about it.

With that in mind, it became clear that we should invest much more in the accelerator so we’re increasing that amount to about $20 million a year. We’re going to try to expand them, both in terms of the area of focus — so we did subscription acquisiti*** to start, we did a video accelerator in Argentina, we’re doing a membership accelerator right now — but also where we do them, like doing some in Europe where we want to add to. This will become a much bigger program and area of investment for us.

这些Facebook页面花费了数千英镑试图影响你对英国脱欧的看法

据马克·迪斯蒂法诺报道，特里萨·梅的脱欧提议周二失败，但这并不是因为缺乏Facebook广告支出。像往常一样，有一些问题是关于谁是这些团体的真正幕后黑手。

According to Facebook’s records, We Are The 52% has spent almost £12,000 in the run-up to Tuesday’s vote, often running videos featuring pro-Brexit celebrities criticising the government’s deal.

And like the others, We Are The 52% links back to a simple website, which doesn’t feature any specific information about how the group is funded. It only claims to be “edited” by a social media c***ultant with extensive links to the C***ervative party named Theodora Dickinson. She did not return requests for comment.

科技智囊团提议在隐私问题上进行“大交易”，但民主党人并不买账

由谷歌、亚马逊和Facebook支持的一个政策智囊团提出了一项新的国家隐私立法提案。马克纳·凯利报道说，该提案将废除之前的每一项隐私立法。这似乎在到达时就死了：

But the “bargain” would also preempt state laws like California’s new privacy act, and repeal every other existing piece of federal privacy legislation, including landmark laws like Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Every sector- or issue-specific privacy law would be removed, and state and local lawmakers would be unable to draft stricter, more specific regulati*** in the future.

The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) would be one of the repealed laws. It was authored by Sen. Ed Markey (D-MA) in the late ‘90s, and IT was one of the first pieces of legislation governing the collection of data. The law imposes requirements on companies when it comes to collecting data on children under 13 years of age, which has become a sticking point for a number of tech companies. Both Google and Facebook have been sued multiple times for violating COPPA, and the law is one of the main reas*** many web services cut off at age 13.

Ajit Pai拒绝就电话追踪丑闻向立法者通报情况，可疑地将其归咎于关机

众议院能源和商业委员会希望联邦通信委员会主席阿吉特·帕伊（Ajit Pai）向他们简要介绍最近披露的情况，即像他曾经工作过的Verizon这样的电信公司多年来一直在**我们的实时位置数据。Pai以**关门为由拒绝出席。

假色情视频恐吓**。我们需要法律来阻止他们吗？

杰夫·约翰·罗伯茨（Jeff John Roberts）探索了针对深度假货受害者的潜在法律解决方案：

New criminal laws could be one way to fight deepfakes. Another approach is to bring civil lawsuits against the perpetrators. As the Electronic Frontier Foundation notes in a blog post, those subjected to deepfakes could sue for defamation or for portraying them in a “false light.” They could also file a “right of publicity” claim, alleging the deepfake makers profited from their image without permission.

All of these potential soluti***, however, could bump up against a powerful obstacle: free speech law. Anyone sued over deepfakes could claim the videos are a form of cultural or political expression protected by the First Amendment.

在别处

Roku在其他平台禁止该频道六个月后加入了Infowars

自从去年夏天大多数大型平台集体禁止Infowars发布以来，Infowars一直在努力进行发行。最近，它出现在流媒体电视服务Roku上，该服务预装在许多新电视上(包括我的！）官方声明说，它禁止“发布非法内容、煽动非法活动或侵犯第三方权利等。”对于订阅的Roku高管——还有一些人——我希望你能抽出时间阅读我去年夏天的专栏，在这篇文章中，我描述了信息战如何在历史上煽动现实世界的暴力(就在记者发稿前，Roku宣布将从该服务中删除Infowars。）

YouTube的指南现在解决了鸟箱、潮汐吊舱挑战后的危险恶作剧

现在正式反对YouTube的政策，蒙住眼睛，吃潮水来获得浏览量和/或广告收入。进步！

The company revealed new policies that creators must follow when uploading content, and one of the biggest changes is a section dedicated entirely to dangerous pranks. YouTube has previously addressed pranks in its harmful and dangerous content category of its overall policies, but seems to have added the new section following a series of disturbing Bird Box challenge videos.

YouTube creators have a history of participating in dangerous challenges — including Jake Paul driving blindfolded to participate in the Bird Box challenge, teens eating poisonous Tide Pods for the Tide Pod challenge, and even some creators alluding to drugging their girlfriends on camera with natural sexual enhancement pills — all in the name of content.

Snap首席财务官Tim Stone在八个月后辞职

这是Snap高级员工的又一个令人尴尬的短暂任期。虽然公司在一份法律文件中煞费苦心地表示，斯通没有发现大规模会计欺诈的证据，但没有透露他为什么离开。所以，一线希望！

Stone’s departure follows a string of other top-level exits in the past year, including chief strategy officer Imran Khan in September, and finance head Andrew Vollero and vice president of monetization engineering Stuart Bowers in May.

Instagram被抓获向购买其禁止的服务的追随者销售广告

乔什·康斯特恩（Josh Contine）正在寻找Instagram账户，这些账户承诺提供各种可疑的服务，这些服务旨在**追随者或验证——他发现Instagram正在收取他们的广告费，尽管官方禁止这种做法。

Instagram has been earning money from businesses flooding its social network with spam notificati***. Instagram hypocritically continues to sell ad space to services that charge clients for fake followers or that automatically follow/unfollow other people to get them to follow the client back. This is despite Instagram reiterating a ban on these businesses in November and threatening the accounts of people who employ them.

A TechCrunch investigation initially found 17 services selling fake followers or automated notification spam for luring in followers that were openly advertising on Instagram despite blatantly violating the network’s policies. This dem***trates Instagram’s failure to adequately police its app and ad platform. That neglect led to users being distracted by notificati*** for follows and Likes generated by bots or fake accounts. Instagram raked in revenue from these services while they diluted the quality of Instagram notificati*** and wasted people’s time.

发射

Instagram产品设计师为用户创造怀旧的、以科技为灵感的AR效果

我在这里挖掘了由Instagram产品设计师创建的Windows桌面过滤器。

Facebook发布了新的播客，关注有抱负的企业家和商业领袖

Facebook最新的内容营销计划是一个关于该公司广告主要购买者的播客：小企业。

YouTube正在测试视频下出现的新推荐泡泡

Julia Alexander报道了YouTube内部的一条新的推荐途径：

YouTube is testing a new recommendation format for both mobile and desktop users that use blue bubbles to suggest keywords, creators, and related topics to help browse through videos.

Screenshots obtained by The Verge show these blue bubbles in action. They appear just underneath the video player, and the idea is to help users filter recommendati***. These are more specific recommendati*** than the videos that appear off to the side. The feature is currently being tested with a **all set of people on both YouTube’s main desktop page and mobile apps.

TikTok为中国提供了微信以外的视频聊天选择

据廖丽塔报道，比特登斯最新一次试图取代微信的努力被称为“多山”。她称之为TikTok和Snap的混合：

Unlike TikTok, which incentivizes users to follow celebrities and strangers, Duoshan is built for private messaging. It offers a dazzling selection of special effects and filters, as most other short-video apps do these days. The twist is that videos disappear after 72 hours to provide stress-free, off-the-cuff sharing, a need that WeChat also noticed and prompted the giant to come up with its own Snap-like Stories feature recently.

拿

Facebook为期10年的光辉挑战提醒我们，Facebook过去很有趣

从2009年到今天，每个人都在发布之前和之后的照片——这一现象在Facebook上出现，让我们想起了一个更简单的时代，朱莉娅·亚历山大说：

Universal adorable awkwardness is only part of what makes the challenge endearing. There’s a sincerity in photos from 10 years ago. Facebook profile pictures from 2008 and 2009 were different from the over-the-top aesthetic we practiced at the time on Myspace. There was a feeling of intimacy on Facebook for teens. We truly believed that only our friends saw what we were posting, and that level of comfort let us post whatever we wanted. Digging through my Facebook photos was like diving into a treasure trove of happy memories I wouldn’t dream of posting today.

There are photos of me making grotesque “funny” faces while sitting on the subway with friends, photos of me with bread rolls stuffed into my mouth, photos of me planking on my car in the middle of my school parking lot while wearing camo shorts. Needless to say, these aren’t photos I would ever dream of throwing on Tinder if they were taken today. But that’s just it: these types of photos are taken today, but I don’t post them anymore. I’ve learned that whatever I post online, even in a closed group, can spread far beyond my control.

所有总统的迷因

威利·斯塔利（Willy Staley）探讨了一位73岁的总统在Instagram上发布模因的奇怪之处：

This incentive structure, in which an easily distracted person says a bunch of stuff he kind of means to an assembled audience, slowly learning what generates a reaction and what doesn’t, is familiar: It’s like posting online. This is the process that nudged the wall ever closer to reality, despite the fact that it was only ever supposed to be a metaphor, a shorthand, a catchphrase. It is an idea with no real owner or creator, passed from person to person, from lectern to grandstand to TV and Twitter and back again, copying itself and growing and mutating until it became big, beautiful and tipped with spikes forged from American steel. The border wall is, in the truest sense, a meme: an idea that persists not because it will benefit us but simply because it thrives in our environment. It was so effective at doing whatever it did that it couldn’t be contained, spilling out of the president’s brain and spreading throughout our entire body politic, cooling and hardening like bacon grease, until it finally brought everything to a standstill. And I hate to admit it, but that is a little funny.